{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:35:15Z","timestamp":1787016915661,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Turku University Hospital","award":["30104\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30104\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Turku University Hospital","award":["M3016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infections caused by methicillin-susceptible\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) can be life-threatening and complicated to manage. Especially in the healthcare environment, MRSA is a notorious cause of outbreaks inflicting a significant disease burden. Assessing the relatedness of isolates is a key challenge for outbreak management. We aimed to assess the utility and performance of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (IR Biotyper; Bruker Daltonics GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) by comparing it with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      typing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was cultured under standard conditions on M\u00fcller-Hinton agar, and the second subculture was used for spectral acquisition. Eighty-eight MRSA isolates and 89 MSSA isolates were included from both screening and clinical MRSA specimens, and blood culture MSSA specimens were identified at the clinical microbiology laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Southwest Finland. Among non-outbreak strains, two or three possible subtypes were detected with FTIR within 16 different\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types. Two suspected healthcare-associated outbreaks comprising nine and four isolates, respectively, were detected. WGS confirmed the outbreak with four isolates. Within the other outbreak, WGS revealed five closely related and four unrelated isolates. FTIR analysis correctly differentiated two of the unrelated isolates, while two unrelated isolates were erroneously clustered in a principal component analysis. Although the discriminatory power of FTIR was lower than WGS, false-negative clustering was not observed. FTIR showed a lower analysis cost per specimen and was superior in processing speed to both WGS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      typing. Our findings suggest the potential use of FTIR in preliminary screening, supporting almost real-time outbreak analysis and hence outbreak management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we evaluated the performance of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the typing of both methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA) isolates in comparison with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      typing, as well as outbreak analysis of MRSA isolates in comparison with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      typing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). FTIR spectroscopy can be used to detect phenotypic variation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates sharing the same\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      type, which could be used as screening to detect possible new circulating MRSA and MSSA strains. We were able to infer clinically meaningful information on the relatedness of MRSA isolates for outbreak management with FTIR, which showed good concordance to WGS-based typing. Although 2 out of 13 MRSA isolates were erroneously clustered in a principal component analysis, no false-negative clustering was observed. FTIR spectroscopy continues to show promise as an emerging and cost-effective strain typing tool for both MRSA and MSSA isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03245-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:00:52Z","timestamp":1776171652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the performance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for typing and outbreak investigation of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-651X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaakko","family":"Silvola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dbzj528","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital","place":["Turku, Finland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inka","family":"Harju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dbzj528","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teemu","family":"Kallonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dbzj528","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital","place":["Turku, Finland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsi","family":"Gr\u00f6ndahl-Yli-Hannuksela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Kanerva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dbzj528","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infection Control Unit, Turku University Hospital","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Vuopio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku","place":["Turku, Finland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tf0c761","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisu","family":"Rantakokko-Jalava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dbzj528","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital","place":["Turku, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02419"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00773-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1158-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00759-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02189-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00347-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","unstructured":"Bruker. 2025. 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