{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:07:47Z","timestamp":1786964867656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhi (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi) encodes 14 fimbrial gene clusters, including the mannose-binding type 1 fimbriae known as Fim. Type 1 fimbriae have been implicated in biofilm formation and adhesion to host cells in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, their regulation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi remains largely unknown. To identify genes affecting the regulation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi, we employed both a targeted and a genome-wide transposon-based screening approach. Overall, we identified 18 potential regulators of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression: 10 activators and 8 repressors. Two genes involved in the electron transport chain,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">yqiC<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ndh,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which encode the type II NADH dehydrogenase NDH-2, were identified. Both YqiC and NDH-2 contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species, prompting an investigation into the roles of oxidative stress response regulators OxyR and SoxR. We found that only OxyR regulates\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression, which was specific to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi. OxyR acts by directly binding to the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fimA<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter region. This study paves the way for future development of anti-adhesion strategies through the identification of 14 novel regulators for the most prominent fimbriae of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Adhesion mediated by fimbriae is one of the critical steps in the infection process. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the regulation of type 1 fimbriae (\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        ) in the human-specific pathogen\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                        serovar Typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever. In this study, we identified 18 distinct mutants with altered regulation of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Furthermore, we confirmed that the DNA-binding protein OxyR directly regulates\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        expression. Importantly, we also demonstrated regulatory differences in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        expression between\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Typhi and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Typhimurium, as six of the genes identified altering\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        expression in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Typhi either did not affect\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fim<\/jats:italic>\n                        expression in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Typhimurium or had the contrary effect. This highlights fundamental differences between these serovars and emphasizes the need to investigate and compare aspects of gene regulation in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Typhi.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03267-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T13:01:17Z","timestamp":1757941277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of OxyR as an activator of type 1 fimbriae (\n                    <i>fim<\/i>\n                    ) in\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    serovar Typhi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-2037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karine","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Montreal, 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