{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:17:47Z","timestamp":1790381867355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, driven by New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamases (NDMs), severely restrict treatment options and are increasingly detected outside hospitals. Yet, integrated genomic\u2013phenotypic data on NDM-positive\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n colonizing the pediatric gut in China remain scarce. Antimicrobial susceptibility and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM conjugation were tested. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) profiled the resistome, virulome, and plasmid replicon types; multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core-gene MLST, and\n fimH<\/jats:italic>\n alleles were analyzed. We assessed biofilm-forming capacity, screened gene\u2013biofilm associations using Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate, and measured cytotoxicity and siderophore activity. Twenty-five NDM-positive\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n were isolated from 1,189 children stool specimens. ST48 (ST10 complex) was the most frequent sequence type (6\/25, 24%);\n fimH<\/jats:italic>\n 41 was the most common\n fimH<\/jats:italic>\n allele (4\/25, 16%). All isolates were resistant to AMC, TZP, CXM, FOX, CAZ, CRO, CSL, ETP, and IMP, while none was resistant to tigecycline. All isolates transferred\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM by conjugation (frequency 1.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074 to 9.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074). WGS identified\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-5 as predominant (24\/25, 96%), with one\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-1 (1\/25, 4%); all isolates harbored multiple virulence and resistance genes. IncFIB (19\/25, 76%) was the most common plasmid replicon. All isolates formed biofilms, including three strong producers; an exploratory screen suggested a positive association between\n espL4<\/jats:italic>\n carriage and biofilm formation ability. All isolates increased LDH release from NCM460 cells versus the ATCC 25922 control (low cytotoxicity), without significant differences among isolates; all isolates exhibited siderophore activity as determined by Chrome Azurol S assays. NDM-positive\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n colonizing children in this study were dominated by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-5, frequently carried IncFIB plasmids, and readily transferred\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM. All isolates showed biofilm, siderophore activity, and epithelial cytotoxicity, with espL4 positively associated with biofilm.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n This study provides an integrated genomic and phenotypic characterization of pediatric gut-derived New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase (NDM)-positive\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. These strains were dominated by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-5, carried extensive resistomes, and maintained a conserved set of virulence determinants that support colonization and persistence. The frequent presence of poly-replicon plasmids, particularly IncF-type backbones, underscores their high potential for resistance dissemination. Functionally, all isolates exhibited biofilm formation, siderophore activity, and epithelial cytotoxicity, with a hypothesis-generating signal linking\n espL4<\/jats:italic>\n to enhanced biofilm production. Together, these findings demonstrate that children can harbor high-risk, multidrug-resistant NDM-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n in their gut and emphasize the need for continued genomic surveillance and mechanistic studies to guide infection control and therapeutic strategies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:21:13Z","timestamp":1770992473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phenotypic and genomic characterization of NDM-producing\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n colonizing the pediatric gut in Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yunxing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuimei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongyan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuju","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-8729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Prevention; Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Longgang), Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zat6v61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-8307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tingjin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07881-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2055943"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40872-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02704"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00314"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03333-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06398-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37125-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.654852"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03911-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-315"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00265-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00046-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0295"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2024. CLSI supplement M100, M100-S34. In Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 34th ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, USA.","edition":"34"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab776"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.752011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00952-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1229460"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-7012(00)00122-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.232397.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00737-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.62059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks214"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.101031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-02404"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2025.107580"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1168451"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00859-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1181940"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2023.114159"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02839-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0195-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3456"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja803524w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107257"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00612-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr1522"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28819-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60765-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03212-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.258"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1775567186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ilana","family":"Kolodkin-Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03329-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03329-25"}}