{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:19:11Z","timestamp":1785428351311,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) are major foodborne pathogens primarily transmitted to humans through contaminated poultry products. Increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in NTS, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Heidelberg (SH), has recently become a public health issue. Current control measures are inadequate, emphasizing the need for novel approaches to mitigate NTS colonization in poultry and contamination of poultry products. We hypothesized that commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      can reduce antibiotic-resistant NTS colonization in the chicken intestines by modulating the fitness, virulence, and AMR potential of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . To test this hypothesis, we co-cultured a commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain (EC47-1826) isolated from a commercial broiler chicken and an antibiotic-resistant SH strain (SH18-9079) isolated from the liver of a turkey and analyzed their transcriptomes using RNA-sequencing. Our analysis revealed 4,890 differentially expressed genes in SH when co-cultured with commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . After filtering the expression data, we found 193 genes were significantly upregulated, while 202 genes were downregulated. Notably, several genes involved in bacterial growth, pathogenicity and virulence, biofilm formation, metal-ion homeostasis, signal transduction and chemotaxis, stress response, transmembrane transport of xenobiotics, and cellular metabolism were downregulated by as much as 86-folds in SH as compared to the control. Furthermore, this study revealed the downregulation of genes associated with AMR and drug efflux in SH by up to 12 folds. These findings highlight that commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                      . c\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oli<\/jats:italic>\n                      may reduce the fitness, persistence, virulence, and AMR dissemination of SH, implying that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains could be utilized to mitigate antibiotic-resistant SH in poultry, ultimately enhancing food safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        NTS, commonly transmitted to humans through contaminated poultry meat and eggs, is a frequent cause of foodborne illness. Augmenting the situation, foodborne outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant NTS have become an additional food safety and public health concern. Evaluation of growth changes and transcriptomic profiling of antibiotic-resistant SH and commensal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        in a mixed culture of the two will provide insights into the ability of commensal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        to reduce SH colonization of chicken intestines and the genes involved in that change. Our study showed that commensal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        significantly reduced antibiotic-resistant SH counts and expression of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        genes, which play a vital role in their growth and persistence. This suggests the potential use of commensal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        to control antibiotic-resistant SH colonization in poultry, leading to improved food safety through reduced NTS contamination of foods of poultry origin and reduced dissemination of antibiotic-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        to humans via the food chain.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03336-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1755518420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Commensal\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    inhibits the growth and modulates the fitness, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Heidelberg\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yasir R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekshmi K.","family":"Edison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Denagamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-7982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Subhashinie","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Now: Human Data. Atlanta Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC. 09\/25\/2024. 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