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However, less well characterized are the host-phage interactions that occur in these toxic blooms. Here, we describe the relationship between a microcystin-producing strain of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                      NIES-298, and a lytic bacteriophage Ma-LMM01. In this study, we explored how host pre-acclimation to different temperature conditions influenced sensitivity to subsequent infection by Ma-LMM01. We focused on 19\u00b0C, a cooler temperature often associated with microcystin-producing blooms in spring\/early summer, and 26\u00b0C, a warmer temperature often associated with non-microcystin-producing blooms of late summer.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultures pre-acclimated to 26\u00b0C were completely lysed whether infection occurred at 26\u00b0C or 19\u00b0C. In contrast, 19\u00b0C-acclimated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      grew and resisted infection regardless of infection temperature. We next formulated a mathematical model to investigate the key parameters driving these temperature dynamics. Our modeling suggested both 19\u00b0C- and 26\u00b0C-acclimated hosts contain resistant subpopulations of comparable abundance but with different degrees of resistance. Specifically, we found the 19\u00b0C-acclimated host subpopulation was substantially more resistant to phage infection than the 26\u00b0C-acclimated host subpopulation, which was only partially resistant. Overall, our observations demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      NIES-298 acclimation to 19\u00b0C played a role in the development of resistance to cyanophage Ma-LMM01. These findings suggest new directions to explore the link between physiological changes and infection outcomes for microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in changing environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Harmful cyanobacterial blooms frequently develop in aquatic systems, causing significant ecological and commercial impact, motivating research into factors influencing bloom formation, persistence, and toxicity. Prior studies identified several contributors to the \u201clife cycle\u201d of a toxic bloom, including abiotic influences, community structure, and host-viral interactions. This paper explores two of these factors, temperature and viral-host interactions, on the growth and survival of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microcystis aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        NIES-298. We report the first observation that the acclimation temperature of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        influences phage susceptibility, and through mathematical modeling, explore resistant subpopulation dynamics. We observed that cells acclimated to cold temperatures, such as those experienced in spring\/early summer, were resistant to phage, while those acclimated to warmer temperatures, such as those experienced in late summer, were not. This work contributes to the fields of freshwater ecology and microbial physiology by advancing our understanding of the interplay between host-phage interactions and abiotic influences in toxic algal bloom formation.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03379-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1781524862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acclimation temperature influences phage susceptibility in a toxin-producing strain of\n                    <i>Microcystis aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8707-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedi 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