{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:55:33Z","timestamp":1789750533437,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2406804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2406804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370192, U24A20680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370192, U24A20680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"1.3.5 Project of High Altitude Medicine","award":["GYYX24003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GYYX24003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024NSFSC1746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M772028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["GZB20230475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZB20230475"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","award":["2024J0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J0304"]}]},{"name":"the Kunming Medical Joint Special Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202401AY070001-295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AY070001-295"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differentiating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) from colonization in patients with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive blood metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) remains a clinical challenge. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of blood mNGS-derived fungal load (reads per million [RPM]) and two key serological biomarkers (galactomannan [GM] and 1,3-\u03b2-D-glucan [BDG]) in distinguishing these two entities. This retrospective study enrolled 95 patients with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      detected by blood mNGS, stratified into infection (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 60) and colonization (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 35) groups using modified EORTC\/MSGERC criteria. We analyzed clinical characteristics, co-infection spectra, and serological biomarkers (GM and BDG). Diagnostic performance was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and prognostic factors for 28-day mortality were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-Cox regression. Distinct co-infection patterns were observed between groups: the infection group was dominated by polymicrobial co-infections, including clinically significant pathogens such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Human cytomegalovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; in contrast, the colonization group primarily featured single viral co-infections. While mNGS effectively detected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , RPM alone showed limited ability to discriminate infection from colonization, with area under the curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.406 to 0.657 across patient groups. The optimal RPM cutoff varied substantially by immune status, being highest in immunocompetent patients (RPM cutoff: 1.77). Diagnostic performance significantly improved when RPM was integrated with GM (AUC up to 0.900 at a cutoff of 0.36 optical density index) or BDG (AUC up to 0.881 pg\/mL), particularly in immunocompetent individuals. RPM also correlated with albumin, hemoglobin, platelet counts, and lymphocyte counts (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified reversed halo sign (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.143), decreased ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ; HR = 1.361), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (HR = 1.055) as independent predictors of 28-day mortality. Blood mNGS demonstrates high sensitivity for detecting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      but requires integration with serological biomarkers to differentiate IPA from colonization. The RPM can offer prognostic utility. A multimodal strategy is crucial for early diagnosis and improving outcomes in high-risk patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      First large-scale validation of blood mNGS for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis\u2014this study represents the first sizable cohort systematically evaluating blood metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for distinguishing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis from colonization, addressing a critical gap in non-invasive diagnostic approaches for critically ill patients. Comprehensive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-infection profiling\u2014we identified distinct co-infection patterns, with the infection group showing significantly higher rates of polymicrobial infections, providing crucial insights into co-infection dynamics in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Optimized diagnostic integration strategy\u2014our findings demonstrate that while mNGS-derived reads per million alone show limited diagnostic value, their integration with serological biomarkers significantly improves performance, establishing a clinically relevant multimodal diagnostic framework. Robust prognostic stratification model\u2014through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-Cox regression, we established a validated prognostic model identifying reversed halo sign, decreased PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and elevated lactate dehydrogenase as independent predictors of 28-day mortality, providing clinically actionable tools for risk stratification.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03384-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:00:06Z","timestamp":1776430806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The diagnostic and prognostic utility of blood metagenomic next-generation sequencing for invasive pulmonary 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