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The disease\u2019s immune response involves a Th1\/Th2 paradigm, with Th1 promoting resistance and Th2 linked to susceptibility. Despite no available human vaccine, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      homolog of activated C kinase (LACK) protein has shown promise as a candidate due to its conservation across species. In this study, we purified the native 34 kDa LACK protein from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes and compared its efficacy with that of gp63 in cationic DSPC liposomes. While gp63 exhibited protective efficacy, LACK failed to protect BALB\/c mice. Recombinant LACK, which was cloned, expressed, and purified, also did not confer protection. Immunological assays revealed a Th2-biased immune response characterized by a high IgG1\/IgG2a ratio, elevated Th2 cytokines, and an unaltered delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, highlighting its limited potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study underscores the limitations of LACK as a standalone vaccine candidate against VL. Both native and recombinant LACK forms, despite liposomal encapsulation, elicited a Th2-dominated immune response, inadequate for protection. These findings suggest that LACK\u2019s intrinsic immunogenic properties may not support the robust Th1 response crucial for combating\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections. Future research should prioritize alternative antigens or combination formulations to promote Th1-driven immunity. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge guiding vaccine development for VL, emphasizing the need for immunogens that effectively target protective immune pathways.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03392-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1755608420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of\n                    <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n                    homolog of activated C kinase (LACK) of\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    in comparison to glycoprotein 63 as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8389-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicky","family":"Didwania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Divison, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Divison, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdus","family":"Sabur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Divison, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Divison, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6166-3778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nahid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Divison, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. 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