{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1791660154297,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2023YFC3041700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023YFC3041700"]}]},{"name":"R&D Program of Guangzhou Laboratory","award":["No. SRPG23-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SRPG23-001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 82170003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82170003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Although the Omicron variant has been associated with greater transmissibility and tropism of the upper respiratory tract, the clinical and pathogenic features of patients infected with the Omicron variant during an outbreak in China have been unclear. Adults with COVID-19 were retrospectively enrolled from seven medical centers in Guangzhou, China, and clinical information and specimens ( BALF, sputum, and throat swabs) from participants were collected. Conventional detection methods, metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and other methods were used to detect pathogens in lower respiratory tract samples. From December 2022 to January 2023, we enrolled 836 patients with COVID-19, among which 56.7% patients had severe\/critical illness. About 91.4% of patients were infected with the Omicron strain (BA.5.2). The detection rate of possible co-infection pathogens was 53.4% by mNGS, including\n              <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              (16.3%),\n              <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n              (12.2%), and\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              (11.8%). The co-infection rate was 19.5%, with common pathogens being\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              (11.5%),\n              <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n              (9.2%), and\n              <jats:italic>Adenovirus<\/jats:italic>\n              (6.9%). The superinfection rate was 75.4%, with common pathogens such as\n              <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              (26.1%) and\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              (19.4%).\n              <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              (27.1%% vs 6.1%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; 0.001),\n              <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n              (19.6% vs 5.3%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.001),\n              <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              (18.7% vs 4.4%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.001),\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              (16.8% vs 7.0%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.024),\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              (14.0% vs 5.3%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.027), and\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              (0.9% vs 10.5%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.002) were more common in severe cases. Co-infection and superinfection of bacteria and fungi are common in patients with severe pneumonia associated with Omicron variant infection. Sequencing methods may aid in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pathogens.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study has analyzed the clinical characteristics and pathogen spectrum of the lower respiratory tract associated with co-infection or superinfection in Guangzhou during the outbreak of the Omicron strain, particularly after the relaxation of the epidemic prevention and control strategy in China. This study will likely prompt further research into the specific issue, which will benefit clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03406-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:05:30Z","timestamp":1725627930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical and pathogen features of COVID-19-associated infections during an Omicron strain outbreak in Guangzhou, China"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lin-ling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 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