{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1790864329616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Matcha and Health Research with Kyoto Prefecture","award":["90006400, 90009000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90006400, 90009000"]}]},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["20H03861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H03861"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21K18284, 21KK0164, 20H03861, 19K22644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K18284, 21KK0164, 20H03861, 19K22644"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              has been associated with progression of periodontitis, characterized by inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. Here, we report that matcha, a product of\n              <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n              , hampers the adherence and survival of\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              through multiple tactics. Matcha extract (ME) inhibited the growth not only of\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              but also of\n              <jats:italic>Prevotella nigrescen<\/jats:italic>\n              s and\n              <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n              , while it did not inhibit growth of nine species of oral streptococci and\n              <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n              . ME-mediated\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              growth inhibition was characterized by both morphological and physiological changes at the bacterial envelope, which were accompanied by nano-particle formation and decreased membrane fluidity\/permeability without loss of membrane integrity. ME also triggered autoaggregation of\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              in a major fimbriae (FimA)-dependent manner. In addition, adherence of\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              was dramatically inhibited by ME, irrespective of fimbriae. Furthermore, a structure-activity relationship study tested a series of catechins isolated from ME and identified the pyrogallol-type B-ring of catechins as essential for\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              growth inhibition. In a clinical study to assess the microbiological and therapeutic effects of matcha mouthwash in patients with periodontitis, the\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              number in saliva was significantly reduced by matcha mouthwash compared to the pre-intervention level. A tendency toward improvement in probing pocket depth was observed in the matcha group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Taken together, we present a proof of concept, based on the multimodal inhibitory effect of matcha against\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              , and that matcha may have clinical applicability for prevention and treatment of periodontitis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Periodontitis, a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the oral cavity, results in alveolar bone destruction, and is a major cause of tooth loss of humans. In addition, emerging evidence has demonstrated associations between periodontitis and a wide range of other chronic inflammation-driven disorders, including diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, cardiovascular disease, aspiration pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, cognitive disorder, and cancer. In the present study, we report that matcha, a product of\n              <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n              , hampers\n              <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              , a major periodontal pathobiont, in not only a series of\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              experiments but also a pilot intervention clinical trial of patients with periodontitis, in which matcha mouthwash statistically significantly reduced the\n              <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              number in saliva, as compared to the pre-intervention level. Taken together, we suggest that matcha may have clinical applicability for prevention and treatment of periodontitis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03426-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1716296479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multimodal inhibitory effect of matcha on\n            <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-8518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryoma","family":"Nakao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayami","family":"Takatsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Mandokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Narisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorimasa","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization W. 2023. 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