{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:55:52Z","timestamp":1790776552287,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2311500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2311500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We surveyed plague in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apodemus chevrieri\u2013Eothenomys miletus<\/jats:italic>\n                      natural plague focus on the Yunnan Plateau, China. From 2023 to 2025, plague-positive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. miletus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected in Gaomei, Xiaomachang, and Tangshang. In the brain tissue of an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. miletus<\/jats:italic>\n                      carcass, both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific bacteriophage (YN2024) were simultaneously isolated, and their simultaneous presence was observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This observation was supported by previous analysis of a similar co-occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and bacteriophage from the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Marmota himalayana<\/jats:italic>\n                      plague focus. After 72 h of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      liquid culture, TEM imaging revealed multiple morphological stages that were indicative of interaction, including intact bacteria, bacteria enveloped internally and externally with phages, lysed bacteria, and numerous released phages. These findings suggest that such co-occurrence may be a recurring phenomenon across different plague foci, as it has now been observed in two distinct ecosystems. Genomic analysis demonstrated that the phage YN2024 exhibited a high degree of homology with the phage AKS2021-55F0913 from the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. himalayana<\/jats:italic>\n                      plague focus (average nucleotide identity, 96.94%). A comparison of growth curves indicated that the lytic capacity of phage AKS2021-55F0913 was stronger than that of phage YN2024.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, our findings support the recognition of an ecologically connected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apodemus chevrieri\u2013Eothenomys miletus<\/jats:italic>\n                      natural plague focus and also provide a basis for understanding the co-occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its phage in natural hosts across multiple foci. The observed ecological linkage among plague foci previously attributed to different administrative regions highlights the importance of considering ecological connectivity in plague surveillance and control. In addition, these findings may contribute to a better understanding of host-phage interactions involving\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      under natural conditions and may inform future phage-related studies in plague research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:02:21Z","timestamp":1790773341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-occurrence of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    and a lytic bacteriophage in brain tissue of\n                    <i>Eothenomys miletus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Dongyue","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wktzw65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ygsee60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengliang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wktzw65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and 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National Disease Control and Prevention Administration. Available from: https:\/\/www.ndcpa.gov.cn\/jbkzzx\/c100014\/common\/content\/content_1772424712966283264.html. Retrieved 14 Nov 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3784\/jbjc.202107170399"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7947-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7947-4_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0224-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1408025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628335"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.026328-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122740"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126779"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-011-0039-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.22407"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.17.5248-5262.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.040.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012146"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080611"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683824604438"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1174510"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025486"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq3977"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0890-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35351-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.058"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:02:24Z","timestamp":1790773344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Travis","family":"Bourret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03461-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03461-25"}}