{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:16:00Z","timestamp":1788225360068,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022077","name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T6Impact"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T6Impact"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Angers","award":["T6IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T6IMPACT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007745","name":"Angers Loire M\u00e9tropole","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T6IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T6IMPACT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a bacterial weapon that injects deadly effectors (T6Es) directly into a target competitor encountered in a microbial community.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Stenotrophomonas rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      CFBP13503 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a seed-borne bacterium, uses its T6SS to target a wide range of other bacterial species, impacting seed microbiota assembly, and controlling phytopathogen transmission from seed to seedling. How the large T6E repertoire and other features contribute to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019s impact was investigated. Using transcriptional and translational reporters combined with fluorescence microscopy and proteomic approaches, we confirmed the expression and production of nine effectors secreted by a highly dynamic T6SS. This resulted in killing target cells through four major cell death phenotypes, with different frequencies depending on the target species. The systematic deletion of single effectors revealed a general synergy in killing a wide range and diverse seed-borne bacteria, but also a target-specific killing. Comparative genomics suggests that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -T6Es are commonly shared in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus diversity but are also highly plastic and acquired from diverse bacterial families. Inversely, T6SS-resistance markers, such as capsule and orthologous immunities, are weakly distributed in seed microbiota, and do not explain resistance to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -T6SS. Importantly, two amidases explained the major T6SS antibacterial activity, and only the Rhs-fused effector targeted a Gram-positive bacterium. Our work depicts the generalist or specific role of each effector in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      T6SS activity targeting either aggressive, closely related, broad, or Gram-positive bacteria from seed microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is largely distributed among seed-borne bacteria. However, it remains important to understand how this interbacterial competition weapon could provide a competitive advantage for some strains and influence microbiome assembly during seed-to-seedling transmission. The\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Stenotrophomonas rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                        CFBP 13503 strain, a seed-associated bacterium, cumulated several T6SS features like a constitutive and highly dynamic T6SS associated with 12 putative antibacterial T6Es that shape microbiota assembly through broad and strain-specific targeting within seed microbiota. Hence, genomic analysis suggests that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                        T6E repertoire is adaptive thanks to genetic gain and loss or through gene regulation. In the context of microbiome engineering, the relevance of this study is to highlight the need to associate broad-effective and competitive\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                        strains, as well as T6SS-resistant strains, in bacterial synthetic communities as seed inoculum against phytopathogens.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1781524862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Specific and broad-spectrum antibacterial effectors of type VI secretion system drive competition of\n                    <i>Stenotrophomonas rhizophila<\/i>\n                    against bacteria from seed microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3949-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Taillefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dkyve95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yassine","family":"Dairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dkyve95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agathe","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dkyve95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5822-2824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martial","family":"Briand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dkyve95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Charpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xjwb503","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE","place":["Bagnols-sur- C\u00e8ze, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-445X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean","family":"Armengaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xjwb503","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE","place":["Bagnols-sur- C\u00e8ze, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6232-0200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain","family":"Sarniguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dkyve95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42865-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00446-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614902114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2172-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00457-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0031-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1708-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90607.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01401-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09944-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02553-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.01.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26847-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azhieh A Hernandez P Anderson AC Sychantha D Verster AJ Whitney JC Ross BD. 2025. Rapidly evolving orphan immunity genes protect human gut bacteria from intoxication by the type VI secretion system. bioRxiv:2025.05.03.651265. doi:10.1101\/2025.05.03.651265","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.03.651265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54649-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0113-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00273-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-1937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01773-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1zquez C Arce-Rodr\u00edguez A Altuna-Alvarez J Rojas-Palomino J Flores-Ceron A Cando-Narvaez C Ruiz A De la Pe\u00f1a Noya J Gonz\u00e1lez-Maga\u00f1a A Queralt-Mart\u00edn M Alcaraz A Albesa-Jov\u00e9 D Bernal P. 2025. Tke5 is a novel Pseudomonas putida toxin that depolarises membranes killing plant pathogens. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2025.01.11.632536","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.11.632536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00281-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106555118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27388-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15774-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-7-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00113-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01039-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07434.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2sc04166a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00559-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mlf2.12007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0191-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2416700122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr8286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00654-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03902-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52325-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.101125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0234-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiae027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4298-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Methods in enzymology","author":"Armengaud J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armengaud J, Duport C. 2017. Chapter Eleven - exoproteomics of pathogens: analysis of toxins and other virulence factors by proteomics, p 211\u2013227. In Shukla AK (ed), Methods in enzymology. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.02242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1112-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02514-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Metagenomics and its applications in agriculture, biomedicine and environmental studies","author":"Solovyev V","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solovyev V, Salamov A. 2011. Automatic annotation of microbial genomes and metagenomic sequences, p 61\u201378. In R.W. Li (ed), Metagenomics and its applications in agriculture, biomedicine and environmental studies. Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0036-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:00:44Z","timestamp":1788224444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jan-Ulrik","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03532-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03532-25"}}