{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:15:17Z","timestamp":1788225317550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbapenem- and colistin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      pose a serious global health threat due to limited therapeutic options and rapid dissemination of resistance determinants. This cross-sectional study investigated known carbapenemase and colistin resistance genes among clinical\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from hospitalized patients in Chattogram, Bangladesh. A total of 325 clinical specimens (urine, wound swab, sputum, blood, and endotracheal aspirate) were processed by standard microbiological methods. Species confirmation was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer method, and colistin MICs were measured by broth microdilution. Among 239 bacterial isolates, 26 (10.9%) were confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . High resistance rates were observed for ciprofloxacin (65.4%), cefepime (65.4%), meropenem (53.9%), and imipenem (46.2%). Four isolates (15.4%) were colistin-resistant, with MICs ranging from \u22640.5 to 64 \u00b5g\/mL. Carbapenemase genes were detected in 16 (61.5%) isolates, predominantly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaNDM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (50%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaVIM<\/jats:italic>\n                      (7.7%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaOXA-48<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.8%), showing a strong association with carbapenem resistance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0000124). The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">phoQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was identified in 7 (26.9%) isolates, with co-existence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pmrC<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 2; four of these were colistin-resistant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0023). Sequencing of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">phoQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      revealed point mutations consistent with known resistance-associated variants. The predominance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaNDM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">phoQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      -mediated resistance highlights the urgent need for molecular surveillance and stringent antimicrobial stewardship to curb the spread of multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Bangladeshi hospitals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antibiotic-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a serious threat to patient health worldwide because it can resist many of the strongest available antibiotics, making infections difficult to treat. This study identifies the genes that allow these bacteria to survive last-resort drugs such as carbapenems and colistin in hospitals in Chattogram, Bangladesh. By pinpointing the common carbapenem-resistance gene (blaNDM-1) and colistin-resistance mutations (phoQ), the research shows how these bacteria evade treatment and highlights the risk of their spread in healthcare settings. Understanding these resistance mechanisms helps doctors choose effective therapies and informs hospital policies to prevent outbreaks. The findings underscore the urgent need for ongoing monitoring of antibiotic resistance and stronger stewardship of antibiotic use to protect patients and curb the rise of these dangerous \u201csuperbugs.\u201d\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03601-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:00:56Z","timestamp":1767013256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular basis of carbapenem and colistin resistance and\n                    <i>phoQ<\/i>\n                    mutation-mediated colistin resistance in\n                    <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n                    from Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3145-9626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pompy","family":"Dey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Rangamati Medical College","place":["Rangamati, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2150-918X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sudip Kumar","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Rangamati Medical College","place":["Rangamati, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8885-3466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swarna","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y8zn427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4101-2035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayesha Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00w9tx359","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Applied Health Sciences","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2967-3320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Fourkan","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gopalganj Medical College","place":["Gopalganj, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3707-186X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milupa","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052bjm215","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Southern Medical College","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3405-1520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fouzia Ahmed","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chattogram International Dental College","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-7520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swagata","family":"Nandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y8zn427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-5305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abul","family":"Kalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y8zn427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College","place":["Chattogram, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081195"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2023.71672.15593"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42485-024-00135-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030421"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5497\/wjp.v4.i1.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3658-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12471-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjmm.v18i1.77097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29132969"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13050083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696662"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10080181"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37591\/rrjomv.v12i3.3031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-023-01525-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06307-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0322"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.677720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9097-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jninb.v7i2.58117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"733","article-title":"Prevalence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh and molecular characterization of colistin resistance genes among them by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing","volume":"31","author":"Sonia SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sonia SJ, Uddin KH, Shamsuzzaman SM. 2022. 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