{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:48:39Z","timestamp":1786708119267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515010456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003785","name":"Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2020187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2020187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Secondary bacterial infection greatly increased the morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection. To investigate the underlying mechanism by which influenza impairs the pulmonary defense against secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) infection, we established a lethal mouse model in which to study secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection after influenza virus infection. We found a significant increase in host susceptibility to a secondary infection with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            in mice after an influenza virus infection, and this was accompanied by severe immunopathology and pulmonary inflammation. Importantly, we demonstrated that neutrophils were essential for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            clearance in secondarily infected mice. Further, we revealed that influenza impaired the phagocytosis and digestion functions of pulmonary neutrophils for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            clearance. We identified that the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of neutrophils in the lungs played an important role in antibacterial host defense in influenza-infected lungs. Hereby, influenza virus infection causes deficient MPO activity in neutrophils, and this contributes to the increased susceptibility to secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG-PSN) prior to secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection may improve the function of neutrophils, resulting in significantly reduced lethality during secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. We also demonstrated that treatment with anti-influenza immune serum during the early stage of an influenza virus infection could decrease the disease severity of secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Our findings suggest that improving the MPO activity of neutrophils may provide a therapeutic strategy for viral-bacterial coinfection.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            A secondary bacterial infection, such as that of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            , often occurs after a pulmonary virus infection and contributes to severe disease. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for viral-bacterial synergy in the lung remain largely unknown. In this study, we reported that influenza virus infection increases a host\u2019s susceptibility to secondary infection by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            by reducing the MPO activity of neutrophils. We also demonstrated that treatment with BCG-PSN or anti-influenza immune serum prior to secondary\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection can reduce the disease severity. Our findings suggest that improving the MPO activity of neutrophils may provide a therapeutic strategy for viral-bacterial coinfection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03655-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T14:00:55Z","timestamp":1670508055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Influenza Virus Infection Increases Host Susceptibility To Secondary Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and This Is Attributed To Neutrophil Dysfunction through Reduced Myeloperoxidase Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Feilong","family":"Jie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gaozhou People\u2019s Hospital, Gaozhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadu People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chufang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gaozhou People\u2019s Hospital, Gaozhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadu People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 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