{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:54:54Z","timestamp":1783011294052,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008678","name":"Center for Produce Safety","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021CPS07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CPS07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008678","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The varied choice of bacterial strain, plant cultivar, and method used to inoculate, retrieve, and enumerate\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n              O157:H7 from live plants could affect comparability among studies evaluating lettuce\u2013enterobacterial interactions. Cultivar, bacterial strain, incubation time, leaf side inoculated, and sample processing method were assessed for their influence in recovering and quantifying\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              O157:H7 from live Romaine lettuce. Cultivar exerted the strongest effect on\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              O157:H7 counts, which held up even when cultivar was considered in interactions with other factors. Recovery from the popularly grown green Romaine \u201cRio Bravo\u201d was higher than from the red variety \u201cOutredgeous.\u201d Other modulating variables were incubation time, strain, and leaf side inoculated. Sample processing method was not significant. Incubation for 24 hours post-lettuce inoculation yielded greater counts than 48 hours, but was affected by lettuce cultivar, bacterial strain, and leaf side inoculated. Higher counts obtained for strain EDL933 compared to a lettuce outbreak strain 2705C emphasized the importance of selecting relevant strains for the system being studied. Inoculating the abaxial side of leaves gave higher counts than adaxial surface inoculation, although this factor interacted with strain and incubation period. Our findings highlight the importance of studying interactions between appropriate bacterial strains and plant cultivars for more relevant research results, and of standardizing inoculation and incubation procedures. The strong effect of cultivar exerted on the\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              O157:H7-lettuce association supports the need to start reporting cultivar information for illness outbreaks to facilitate the identification and study of plant traits that impact food safety risk.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                The contamination of Romaine lettuce with\n                <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                O157:H7 has been linked to multiple foodborne disease outbreaks, but variability in the methods used to evaluate\n                <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                O157:H7 association with live lettuce plants complicates the comparability of different studies. In this study, various experimental variables and sample processing methods for recovering and quantifying\n                <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                O157:H7 from live Romaine lettuce were assessed. Cultivar was found to exert the strongest influence on\n                <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                O157:H7 retrieval from lettuce. Other modulating factors were bacterial incubation time on plants, strain, and leaf side inoculated, while sample processing method had no impact. Our findings highlight the importance of selecting relevant cultivars and strains, and of standardizing inoculation and incubation procedures, in these types of assessments. Moreover, results support the need to start reporting cultivars implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks to facilitate the identification and study of plant traits that impact food safety risk.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T14:00:21Z","timestamp":1708092021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cultivar was more influential than bacterial strain and other experimental factors in recovery of\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            O157:H7 populations from inoculated live Romaine lettuce plants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qiao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganyu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwu","family":"Nou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Micallef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881900116X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.191418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2894328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. Outbreak investigation of E. coli: romaine from Salinas California (November 2019). Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/outbreaks-foodborne-illness\/outbreak-investigation-e-coli-romaine-salinas-california-november-2019. Retrieved 10 Jan 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-72.7.1521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2008.00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02459-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-70.8.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061629598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-73.6.1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00899-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-72.7.1531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.3.512-520.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-72.10.2028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.33.090195.001045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00158.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.1.51-56.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2000021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35081178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-70.11.2526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-68.12.2506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-66.10.1756"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1712070124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sadjia","family":"Bekal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03767-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03767-23"}}