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In this research, the biomass and photosynthetic pigment production under environmental and nutritional factors in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      were investigated. Photoperiod did not influence biomass production, while both strains produced maximum biomass at a light intensity of 100 \u00b5mol photons m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Although 100 mM NaCl and 25 mM NaNO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased the biomass in both cyanobacteria, urea at 1 mM inhibited the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in contrast to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      . On the other hand, exposure to 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth but did not affect\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      biomass. Both strains exhibited a significant increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid content under 16 h (in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 8 h (in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of light exposure. Elevated NaCl concentrations (100 mM) and lower urea levels (1 mM) stimulated chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, while a decrease was observed under H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      treatment. The highest concentrations of total phycobiliproteins were observed at 10 and 50 \u00b5mol photons m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. While photoperiod changes did not affect total phycobiliprotein production in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the optimal photoperiod for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 8 h. Optimal phycobiliprotein production in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      was achieved with 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM NaNO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and 1 mM urea, whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      responded best to 50 mM NaCl. At 10 mM H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , the total phycobiliprotein level in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      remained unchanged, while\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed decreased total phycobiliproteins. Overall,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Calothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated superior production of phycobiliproteins, including phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microchaete<\/jats:italic>\n                      , highlighting its potential for pigment-based biotechnological applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>This research provides critical insights into the metabolic flexibility of two cyanobacteria by investigating the effect of key environmental factors\u2014light, salinity, nitrogen source, and induced oxidative stress\u2014on the composition of photosynthetic pigment and biomass. The observed dynamic changes in photosynthetic metabolites, especially phycobiliproteins, reveal the interesting regulatory mechanisms these strains employ for photoacclimation and stress tolerance. Understanding these metabolite relationships is important for biotechnological applications. It allows for the optimized production of valuable natural pigments and the enhancement of biomass for biofertilizers. Furthermore, the study establishes a basic model for manipulating culture conditions to direct metabolic flux toward desired compounds, offering a strategic framework for further research on microalgae and other valuable microorganisms.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03782-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1781524862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in cyanobacterial growth and photosynthetic pigment under different conditions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Seyedabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032hv6w38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)","place":["Mashhad, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arehzoo","family":"Zaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rvhet58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology Education, Farhangian University","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Keykha","family":"Akhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xp8p672","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Plant Production and Genetics (Biotechnology), Faculty of Agriculture, Jahrom University","place":["Jahrom, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-1867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam","family":"Ameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0126z4b94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Industrial Microbial Biotechnology, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR)","place":["Mashhad, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307701110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4pp90035a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00352.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2610-9_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9188-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123700"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2005.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7020028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-016-1561-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1619-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-025-03441-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2010.00234.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90634-0.00003-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2008.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.05.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9929-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1009.1000172"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.11.2.07"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2003.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2007.00321.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"10235","article-title":"Cyanobacterial phycoerythrin with special reference to Microchaete sp. 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