{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T21:19:01Z","timestamp":1773523141980,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32600112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32600112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The Gram-positive bacterium\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n              is the causative agent of anthrax and a bioterrorism threat worldwide. As a crucial second messenger in many bacterial species, cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) modulates various key processes for bacterial homeostasis and pathogenesis. Overaccumulation of c-di-AMP alters cellular growth and reduces anthrax toxin expression as well as virulence in\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n              by unresolved underlying mechanisms. In this report, we discovered that c-di-AMP binds to a series of receptors involved in potassium uptake in\n              <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n              . By analyzing Kdp and Ktr mutants for osmotic stress, gene expression, and anthrax toxin expression, we also showed that c-di-AMP inhibits Kdp operon expression through binding to the KdpD and\n              <jats:italic>ydaO<\/jats:italic>\n              riboswitch; up-regulating intracellular potassium promotes anthrax toxin expression in c-di-AMP accumulated\n              <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n              . Decreased anthrax toxin expression at high c-di-AMP occurs through the inhibition of potassium uptake. Understanding the molecular basis of how potassium uptake affects anthrax toxin has the potential to provide new insight into the control of\n              <jats:italic>B. anthracis.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a conserved global regulator of potassium homeostasis. How c-di-AMP regulates bacterial virulence is unknown. With this study, we provide a link between potassium uptake and anthrax toxin expression in\n                <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                . c-di-AMP accumulation might inhibit anthrax toxin expression by suppressing potassium uptake.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03786-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:00:43Z","timestamp":1718888443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["c-di-AMP accumulation impairs toxin expression of\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            by down-regulating potassium importers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of 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