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Despite their high abundance in wastewater,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      diversity, antibiotic resistance, and genomic traits remain poorly characterized. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a comprehensive study of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in influent, effluent, and activated sludge from a Finnish wastewater treatment plant using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolate-based genomics, and phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were highly abundant in raw sewage but substantially removed during treatment. Four\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were identified, dominated by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter cryaerophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A proportion of amplicon sequence variants unclassified to species-level revealed potentially unexplored\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      diversity. For the first time, we observed intragenomic variability in 16S rRNA gene copies of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. cryaerophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , highlighting the importance of integrating culture-based and culture-independent approaches. Phenotypic testing revealed high proportions of non-wild-type isolates for clinically relevant antibiotics, including ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Genomic analyses showed that antibiotic resistance profiles were primarily mediated by chromosomally encoded determinants, including \u03b2-lactamases, efflux systems, and point mutations. Additionally, a broad arsenal of chromosomal and plasmid-borne resistance genes to heavy metals, biocides, and organic solvents was detected, reflecting adaptations to the wastewater environment. These findings provide novel insights into\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-level diversity, resistance mechanisms, and ecological adaptations in anthropogenically influenced environments. The study highlights the significance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      for public health and establishes a foundation for further research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p\/>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. are emerging human and animal pathogens that exhibit increasing resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Most community-acquired infections are linked to exposure through contaminated food and water, yet studies investigating their occurrence and diversity in wastewater remain scarce. Here, we focus on wastewater as an abundant source of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. and a potential dissemination route contributing to downstream contamination of surface waters, irrigated soils, and possibly the food chain. By characterizing the species-level diversity, genomic traits, and antibiotic resistance profiles of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. in wastewater, this study provides critical insights into the ecology and epidemiology of this ubiquitous genus.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03799-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:04:08Z","timestamp":1789650248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging food- and waterborne pathogen\n                    <i>Arcobacter<\/i>\n                    in wastewater: diversity and antibiotic resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-7336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Svjetlana","family":"Deki\u0107 Rozman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-3319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antti","family":"Karkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levi","family":"Tomit\u0161ik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Virta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-41-1-88"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02077"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004622"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2020.126108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2014.954523"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1323355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","volume-title":"Microbiological testing in food safety management","author":"International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF)","year":"2018","unstructured":"International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). 2018. 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