{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:59:03Z","timestamp":1785401943370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers and gastritis, affecting half of the population around the world. The infection of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics, but the effectiveness is decreasing due to the rising multidrug resistance in recent years. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is a promising alternative for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      eradication, where light irradiation activates photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      , thus inducing cell death through irreversible oxidative damage. Methylene blue is widely used as a coloring agent for chromoendoscopy and also proved to be an effective photosensitizer against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancer cells. Additionally, photosensitizer porphyrin is naturally produced and accumulated within\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of photosensitizer methylene blue and porphyrin against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      free-swimming cells and sessile biofilms. Additionally, we used suckling pig as an animal model to determine the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Results showed that free-swimming\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      was eliminated effectively, either by 10 \u00b5M of methylene blue under the light irradiation of 660 nm or by endogenous porphyrin activated under the light irradiation of 410 nm. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms exhibited resistance. Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments showed that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy could inhibit\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the stomach of sucking pigs, but occasional recurrent infections were present.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        severely compromises conventional antibiotic therapies, necessitating novel treatment strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) offers a promising alternative by using light-activated reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria. Here, we show that both exogenous methylene blue and endogenous porphyrin can effectively eliminate free-swimming\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        under light irradiation. Using a physiologically relevant suckling pig model, we demonstrate that aPDT reduces gastric\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        , although recurrent infection was observed. This study provides critical preclinical evidence for aPDT as a potential adjunctive strategy in the treatment of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection, while highlighting the key challenges of biofilm resistance.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03827-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:00:26Z","timestamp":1775739626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    inhibition by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of methylene blue and porphyrin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9241-0022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daotan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6854-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yina","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 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