{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:24:03Z","timestamp":1788269043579,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sclerotinia disease is a destructive fungal disease of sunflowers, soybeans, and other economically important crops, causing substantial yield loss and quality deterioration. Long-term reliance on dose-dependent broad-spectrum fungicides is constrained by resistance risks and potential environmental burdens, creating tension with the sustainability goal of \u201creducing pesticide use while improving efficacy.\u201d Here, we explore a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.-based microbial disease management strategy. Whole-genome sequencing of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma asperellum<\/jats:italic>\n                      TCS007 isolated from Antarctic marine sediments, coupled with genome mining, predicted diverse biosynthetic gene clusters putatively associated with siderophores, polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and terpenoids; the corresponding metabolites are not chemically confirmed and require further validation. Using a solid-state fermentation workflow, we prepared a fermentation-derived extract mixture (TCS007-SSF-Ex).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays showed dose-dependent inhibition of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      by TCS007-SSF-Ex (EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 1.252 mg\/L), and microscopy revealed cellular damage-consistent changes, including organelle disruption and plasmolysis. Pathogen transcriptomic and metabolism-related analyses indicated broad perturbations in organelle biogenesis and metabolic processes, with significant alterations in pathways associated with succinate, D-glucose, and phenylacetate; these results are consistent with growth inhibition and reduced pathogenicity, but specific molecular targets and causal links remain to be validated.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , under certain application conditions, triple applications increased APX activity (+492.5%) and \u03b2-1,3-glucanase activity (+419.6%). Collectively, this work supports a \u201cpathogen suppression\u2013host defense induction\u201d framework and facilitates subsequent identification of active components and mechanistic validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Sclerotinia diseases cause recurrent and economically important losses in oilseed crops, while long-term fungicide use is constrained by resistance risks and environmental burdens.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                        -based biocontrol is a promising complementary strategy, yet evidence supporting metabolite-containing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                        -derived preparations as immune elicitors remains less consolidated than that for living inoculants, and scalable production routes are still needed. Here, we examine an Antarctic marine sediment-derived strain,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma asperellum<\/jats:italic>\n                        TCS007, and a solid-state fermentation (SSF)-derived extract mixture (TCS007-SSF-Ex) produced via solid-state fermentation. We combine\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        antifungal assays, pathogen ultrastructural observations, and correlative omics analyses with\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        measurements of sunflower defense enzymes (APX and \u03b2-1,3-glucanase) to evaluate a \u201cpathogen suppression\u2013host defense induction\u201d framework. Our findings support the potential of SSF-derived\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                        metabolite mixtures for greener management of Sclerotinia disease and provide a foundation for future chemical identification of active components and mechanistic validation.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04027-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:01:21Z","timestamp":1784552481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocontrol effect of a solid-state fermentation-derived extract mixture of\n                    <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i>\n                    on sunflower Sclerotinia rot and associated host defense responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7178-3124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhilei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Green Pesticide 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Green Pesticide 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minzi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Green Pesticide 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7222-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Green Pesticide 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0956-1042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Green Pesticide 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Hangzhou, 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