{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:23:55Z","timestamp":1788269035809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of the carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex (ECC) isolates from colonized patients in a hospital using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology. As part of routine surveillance for multidrug-resistant bacterial colonization, 21 ECC isolates were recovered from patients at San Carlos Hospital in Madrid (Spain) between December 2020 and November 2024. WGS was used to determine their genetic relatedness. Furthermore, species identification, sequence type (ST), resistome, plasmid content, and flanking mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of the carbapenemase genes were derived from the WGS data. The most prevalent carbapenemase gene identified was\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18, 85.7%), with other notable genes including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC-2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1, 4.8%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC-3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1, 4.8%), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1, 4.8%). Several\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ACT<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ESBL<\/jats:sub>\n                      variants were also found among the carbapenem-resistant ECC isolates. All of them carried at least one\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ACT<\/jats:sub>\n                      gene, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ACT-7<\/jats:sub>\n                      (11\/21) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      -type (14\/21) genes being the most common AmpC and ESBL-encoding genes, respectively. Additionally, two isolates exhibited the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-9<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Overall,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">steigerwaltii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ST93), followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hoffmanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ST78 and ST50), were the predominant species and STs circulating among the carbapenem-resistant ECC strains. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                      gene was part of class 1 integrons located within a Tn3-family transposon, Tn6292.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n                      were linked to Tn4401 and Tn1999 transposons, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>\n                      within a transposon Tn6292 enhances its mobility across bacterial genomes, underscoring the value of high-throughput sequencing in monitoring the spread of carbapenem-resistant ECC isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights why monitoring the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals is critical. By analyzing the complete DNA of carbapenem-resistant bacteria, antibiotics were considered a last line of treatment. We found that the resistance genes are not isolated. Instead, they are embedded within mobile elements called transposons. This means that they can \u201cjump\u201d between different bacteria, accelerating the spread of resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of high-resolution genomic technologies to track and control the spread of these dangerous bacteria in clinical settings, helping preserve the effectiveness of life-saving treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04162-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:05:45Z","timestamp":1784639145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mobilization of\n                    <i>bla<\/i>\n                    <sub>VIM<\/sub>\n                    genes via the Tn6292 transposon among carbapenem-resistant\n                    <i>Enterobacter cloacae<\/i>\n                    complex isolates from colonized patients in a Spanish 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