{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:46:29Z","timestamp":1792071989798,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-67019-45615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-67019-45615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest (IPNW) encompasses one of North America\u2019s largest dryland wheat production regions, where soil moisture strongly influences plant growth, health, and rhizosphere microbial communities. Two ecologically and genetically distinct groups of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex naturally suppress soilborne wheat pathogens in IPNW fields by producing either phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (Phz+) or 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl+). To determine how precipitation and associated soil factors shape the abundance of these bacteria, we analyzed wheat root samples from commercial fields spanning a precipitation gradient across the Columbia Plateau. We quantified pairwise relationships among environmental variables using Spearman correlations and constructed a correlation network to visualize patterns of association. Network analysis revealed that precipitation influences soil properties indirectly, with organic matter, clay content, cation exchange capacity, and pH forming an interconnected cluster of correlated variables. Wheat rhizosphere colonization frequency by Phz+ pseudomonads was primarily associated with soil pH, which correlated with precipitation through its effects on weathering and organic matter accumulation, whereas colonization frequency of Phl+ pseudomonads showed weaker associations with abiotic variables. Phz+ pseudomonads were favored in neutral to alkaline, coarse soils typical of the low-precipitation zone, whereas Phl+ populations thrived in wetter, organic-rich soils with lower pH. These findings highlight soil pH as a key environmental filter mediating precipitation-driven differences in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations and suggest that biotic interactions and plant selection further modulate root colonization. Understanding how these agriculturally important microbial functional groups respond to moisture regimes provides insight into the sustainability of disease-suppressive microbiomes in the IPNW.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Dryland wheat-based production systems of the Inland Pacific Northwest are highly vulnerable to changing precipitation patterns that affect crop productivity, soilborne pathogens, and soil microbial ecology. This study reveals how long-term rainfall gradients influence the balance between two groups of beneficial\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        that protect wheat from root diseases. We show that soil pH, closely linked to rainfall, organic matter, and mineral weathering, is a key abiotic factor controlling the presence of phenazine-producing bacteria in dryland wheat grown in low-precipitation zone soils. In contrast, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producers dominate in wetter, organic-rich environments. These insights help explain how beneficial microbiomes adapt to environmental constraints and identify soil conditions that promote natural disease suppression. Understanding these mechanisms will aid in predicting microbiome resilience and guiding management strategies to maintain wheat productivity under changing weather conditions.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:01:29Z","timestamp":1792069289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental determinants of phenazine- and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing\n                    <i>Pseudomonas<\/i>\n                    in the wheat rhizosphere across a precipitation gradient"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-1478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga","family":"Mavrodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dk0ce17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Panchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dk0ce17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Dykhovychnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dk0ce17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d2m2044","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Northwest Sustainable Agroecosystems Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyudmyla","family":"Barannyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hbp5t65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, University of Idaho","place":["Moscow, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-3606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda","family":"Thomashow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d2m2044","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d2m2044","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-2094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitri","family":"Mavrodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d2m2044","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service","place":["Pullman, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0027c"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9851-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-70-894"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07060660209507020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"Schroeder KL. 2004. The dynamics of root diseases of wheat and barley in the transition from conventional tillage to direct seeding Ph.D Washington State University Pullman"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605946103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0015-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06784-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-07-16-0257-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-021622-100127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07968-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03945-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02846.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"Environmental soil chemistry","author":"Sparks L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sparks L, Singh B, Siebecker MG. 2023. Environmental soil chemistry. 3rd ed. Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00103629509369376"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/cs2015-48-2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3333-3343.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-003-1067-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-02-24-0372-RE"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:01:30Z","timestamp":1792069290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kevin Loren","family":"Hockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.04188-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e04188-25"}}