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Previous genome sequence analyses of these endosymbionts revealed co-divergence with their hosts, a strong genome reduction, and a simplified metabolism largely dedicated to the production of B vitamins, which are nutrients lacking from a blood diet. \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      Providencia siddallii\u2018 has been identified as the obligate nutritional endosymbiont of a monophyletic clade of Mexican and South American\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. However, the\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus includes a sister clade of congeners from Central and South America, where the presence or absence of the aforementioned symbiont taxon remains unknown. In this work, we report on a novel bacterial endosymbiont found in a representative from this\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      clade. We found that this symbiont lineage has evolved from within the\n                      <jats:italic>Pluralibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus, known mainly from clinical but also environmental strains. Similarly to\n                      <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>Providencia siddallii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated\n                      <jats:italic>Pluralibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      symbiont displays clear signs of genome reduction, accompanied by an A+T-biased sequence composition. Genomic analysis of its metabolic potential revealed a retention of pathways related to B vitamin biosynthesis, supporting its role as a nutritional endosymbiont. Finally, comparative genomics of both\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      symbiont lineages suggests that an ancient\n                      <jats:italic>Providencia<\/jats:italic>\n                      symbiont was likely replaced by the novel\n                      <jats:italic>Pluralibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      one, thus constituting the first reported case of nutritional symbiont replacement in a leech without morphological changes in the bacteriome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obligate symbiotic associations with a nutritional base have likely evolved more than once in strict blood-feeding leeches. Unlike those symbioses found in hematophagous arthropods, the nature, identity, and evolutionary history of these remains poorly studied. In this work, we further explored obligate nutritional associations between\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      leeches and their microbial symbionts, which led to the unexpected discovery of a novel symbiosis with a member of the\n                      <jats:italic>Pluralibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus. When compared to\n                      <jats:italic>Providencia siddallii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an obligate nutritional symbiont of other\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      leeches, this novel bacterial symbiont shows convergent retention of the metabolic pathways involved in B vitamin biosynthesis. Moreover, the genomic characteristics of this\n                      <jats:italic>Pluralibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      symbiont suggest a more recent association than that of\n                      <jats:italic>Pr. siddallii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Haementeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We conclude that the once-thought stable associations between blood-feeding Glossiphoniidae and their symbionts (i.e., one bacteriome structure, one symbiont lineage) can break down, mirroring symbiont turnover observed in various arthropod lineages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04286-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T09:09:08Z","timestamp":1717664948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Discovery of a novel symbiotic lineage associated with a hematophagous leech from the genus\n                    <i>Haementeria<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4201-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Sosa-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-9052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Manzano-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 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