{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T09:40:30Z","timestamp":1782726030832,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32202988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFE0115500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0115500"]}]},{"name":"MOA | CAFS | Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","award":["HSY202204M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSY202204M"]}]},{"name":"MOA | CAFS | Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","award":["2020TD43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020TD43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes infectious hematopoietic necrosis and severe economic losses to salmon and trout aquaculture worldwide. Currently, the only commercial vaccine against IHNV is a DNA vaccine with some biosafety concerns. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, 1,483 compounds were screened from a traditional Chinese medicine monomer library, and bufalin showed potential antiviral activity against IHNV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of bufalin was &gt;20 \u00b5M, and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1223 \u00b5\u039c against IHNV. Bufalin showed the inhibition of diverse IHNV strains\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              , which confirmed that it had an inhibitory effect against all IHNV strains, rather than random activity against a single strain. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization. Bufalin also inhibited IHNV infection\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              and significantly increased the survival of rainbow trout compared with the mock drug-treated group, and this was confirmed by\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              viral load monitoring. Our data showed that the anti-IHNV activity of bufalin was proportional to extracellular Na\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              concentration and inversely proportional to extracellular K\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              concentration, and bufalin may inhibit IHNV infection by targeting Na\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              \/K\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              -ATPase. The\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the pathogen of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) which outbreak often causes huge economic losses and hampers the healthy development of salmon and trout farming. Currently, there is only one approved DNA vaccine for IHN worldwide, but it faces some biosafety problems. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, we report that bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential antiviral activity against IHNV both\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              . The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization, and bufalin inhibited IHNV infection by targeting Na\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              \/K\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              -ATPase. The\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05016-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T14:00:53Z","timestamp":1706623253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Traditional Chinese medicine bufalin inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection\n            <i>in vitro<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5921-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Zhuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 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