{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:16:28Z","timestamp":1774941388773,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1970,3,1]],"date-time":"1970-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":5097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1970,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The sequence of events occurring during the germination and outgrowth of appendage-bearing spores of\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium bifermentans<\/jats:italic>\n            was studied by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The mature spore was characterized ultrastructurally as having the normal spore components as well as long tubular appendages which orginated from the surface of the spore coat. Spores were incompletely enclosed by a distinctly laminated exosporium which possessed hairlike projections on its outermost layer. During germination, structural changes were observed in the core, core wall, cortex, and spore coat layers. Cortical material was extruded from the spore during outgrowth, which usually occurred from the pole opposite the appendages. The subunits comprising the structure of the appendages and the morphology of the mature appendages were observed. No discernible changes could be observed in the spore appendages during germination and outgrowth.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.101.3.1038-1045.1970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T14:24:55Z","timestamp":1578061495000},"page":"1038-1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Germination and Outgrowth of an Appendage-Bearing Clostridial Spore"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"William A.","family":"Samsonoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Botany, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Botany, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. F.","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Botany, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1966.tb01023.x","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde fixation of gram-negative bacteria","volume":"85","author":"Glauert A. M.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Glauert , A. M. , and M. J. Thornley . 1966 . Glutaraldehyde fixation of gram-negative bacteria . J. Roy. Microscop. Soc. 85 : 449 - 453 .","journal-title":"J. Roy. Microscop. Soc."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.91.5.2031-2036.1966","article-title":"Morphology of the spore of some strains of Clostridium botulium type E","volume":"91","author":"Hodgkiss W.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hodgkiss , W. , and Z. J. Ordal . 1966 . Morphology of the spore of some strains of Clostridium botulium type E . J. Bacteriol. 91 : 2031 - 2036 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-47-2-213","article-title":"The morphology and ultrastructure of the spore and exosporium of some clostridium species","volume":"47","author":"Hodgkiss W.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hodgkiss , W. , Z. J. Ordal , and D. C. Cann . 1967 . The morphology and ultrastructure of the spore and exosporium of some clostridium species . J. Gen. Microbiol. 47 : 213 - 225 .","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.96.5.1835-1847.1968","article-title":"Cytology of spore germination in Clostridium pectinovorunm","volume":"96","author":"Hoeniger J. F. M.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hoeniger , J. F. M. , and C. L. Headley . 1968 . Cytology of spore germination in Clostridium pectinovorunm . J. Bacteriol. 96 : 1835 - 1847 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1139\/m69-189","article-title":"Ultrastructural aspects of spore germination and outgrowth in Clostridiumi sporogenes","volume":"15","author":"Hoeniger J. F. M.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hoeniger , J. F. M. , and C. L. Headley . 1969 . Ultrastructural aspects of spore germination and outgrowth in Clostridiumi sporogenes . Can. J. Microbiol. 15 : 1061 - 1066 .","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"671","article-title":"Electron microscope study of DNA-containing plasms. II. Vegetative and mature phage DNA as compared with normal bacterial nucleoids in different physioiogical states","volume":"4","author":"Kellenberger E.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kellenberger , E. , A. Ryter , and J. Sechaud . 1958 . Electron microscope study of DNA-containing plasms. II. Vegetative and mature phage DNA as compared with normal bacterial nucleoids in different physioiogical states . J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4 : 671 - 678 .","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.53.5.525-537.1947","article-title":"A study, with the high-voltage electron microscope, of the endospore and the life cycle of Bacillus mycoides","volume":"53","author":"Knaysi G.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Knaysi , G. , R. F. Baker , and J. Hillier . 1947 . A study, with the high-voltage electron microscope, of the endospore and the life cycle of Bacillus mycoides . J. Bacteriol. 53 : 525 - 537 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.57.1.23-29.1949","article-title":"Preliminary observations on the germination of the endospore in Bacillus megatheriumn and the structure of the spore coats","volume":"57","author":"Knaysi G.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Knaysi , G. , and J. Hillier . 1949 . Preliminary observations on the germination of the endospore in Bacillus megatheriumn and the structure of the spore coats . J. Bacteriol. 57 : 23 - 29 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Krasil'nikov N. A. V. L. Duda and A. A. Sokolov. 1964. Protrusions on the surface of spores of anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Microbiology (USSR; English translation) 33:304-310."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-52-2-299","article-title":"The fine structure of Bacillus fastidiosus","volume":"52","author":"Leadbetter E. R.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Leadbetter , E. R. , and S. C. Holt . 1968 . The fine structure of Bacillus fastidiosus . J. Gen. Microbiol. 52 : 299 - 307 .","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"333","article-title":"Observations with the electron microscope on the organization of the cortex of resting and germinating spores of Bacillus megaterium","volume":"20","author":"Mayall B. H.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Mayall , B. H. , and C. Robinow . 1957 . Observations with the electron microscope on the organization of the cortex of resting and germinating spores of Bacillus megaterium . J. Appl. Bacteriol. 20 : 333 - 341 .","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.92.1.220-228.1966","article-title":"Structural details of anthrax spores during stages of transformation into vegetative cells","volume":"92","author":"Moberly B. J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Moberly , B. J. , F. Shafa , and P. Gerhardt . 1966 . Structural details of anthrax spores during stages of transformation into vegetative cells . J. Bacteriol. 92 : 220 - 228 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.94.4.1206-1215.1967","article-title":"Appendages of Clostridium bifermentans spores","volume":"94","author":"Pope L.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Pope , L. , D. P. Yolton , and L. J. Rode . 1967 . Appendages of Clostridium bifermentans spores . J. Bacteriol. 94 : 1206 - 1215 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"373","article-title":"Sporulation and Germination beim Clostridium butyricum M55","volume":"201","author":"Propst A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Propst , A. , and J. R. Mose . 1966 . Sporulation and Germination beim Clostridium butyricum M55 . Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung. Zentr. Bakteriol. Parisitenk. Abt. I. Orig. 201 : 373 - 396 .","journal-title":"Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung. Zentr. Bakteriol. Parisitenk. Abt. I. Orig."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208","article-title":"The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain for electron microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds E. S.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reynolds , E. S. 1963 . The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain for electron microscopy . J. Cell Biol. 17 : 208 - 212 .","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Robinow C. F. 1960. Morphology of bacterial spores their development and germination p. 207-248. In I. C. Gunsalus and R. Y. Stanier (ed.). The bacteria vol. I. Academic Press Inc. New York."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.93.3.1160-1173.1967","article-title":"Clostridium spores with ribbon-like appendages","volume":"93","author":"Rode L. J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Rode , L. J. , M. A. Crawford , and M. G. Williams . 1967 . Clostridium spores with ribbon-like appendages . J. Bacteriol. 93 : 1160 - 1173 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"149","article-title":"Etude au microscope electronique de la germination de la spore chez Bacillus subtilis","volume":"111","author":"Rousseau M.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rousseau , M. , J. Flechon , and J. Hermier . 1966 . Etude au microscope electronique de la germination de la spore chez Bacillus subtilis . Ann. Inst. Pasteur 111 : 149 - 160 .","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. 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