{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:30:50Z","timestamp":1772609450463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1964,12,1]],"date-time":"1964-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-160444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:sc>Gerhardt, Philipp<\/jats:sc>(The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),<jats:sc>and Edgar Ribi<\/jats:sc>. Ultrastructure of the exosporium enveloping spores of<jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>. J. Bacteriol.<jats:bold>88:<\/jats:bold>1774\u20131789. 1964.\u2014Structural details in the outer envelope of spores, such as those of<jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>, were studied by electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Procedures were developed for isolating homogeneous fragments of the membrane with minimal damage to or germination of the spore proper. Exosporium of<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>appeared to embody two main layers. An outer layer was made up of a nap of hairlike projections, irregularly distributed and about 250 A deep; these arose from an intermediate covering, about 60 A in depth and similarly lead-stainable. An inner basal layer had a hexagonally perforate surface pattern of holes, averaging 76 A from center to center, and was made up of four lamellae, which could fragment into crystal-like elements. The intact basal membrane was about 190 A thick and the thinnest elements, 45 A. Microscopic observations of a crystal-like nature of the exosporium basal membrane were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis; the pattern of reflection lines in powder diagrams of exosporium fragments or paracrystals, or intact spores, corresponded to a hexagonal, close-packed crystal structure. The unit cell was calculated to have dimensions of 7.6 A along the<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>axis and 11.9 A along the<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>axis of the space lattice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.88.6.1774-1789.1964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T21:32:32Z","timestamp":1578087152000},"page":"1774-1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EXOSPORIUM ENVELOPING SPORES OF<i>BACILLUS CEREUS<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Gerhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Ribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service, Hamilton, Montana"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-22-1-147","article-title":"Sonic disruption of spores of Bacillus cereus","volume":"22","author":"BERGER J. 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