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Sequence analysis of<jats:italic>tat<\/jats:italic>cDNAs from the U1 cell line identified two distinct forms of Tat, in agreement with the fact that this cell line contains two integrated human immunodeficiency (HIV) proviruses. One Tat cDNA lacked an ATG initiation codon, while the other contained an H-to-L mutation at amino acid 13 (H<jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\u2192L). Both<jats:italic>tat<\/jats:italic>cDNAs were defective in terms of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat-luciferase reporter gene in transient-transfection experiments. Introduction of the H<jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\u2192L mutation in a wild-type<jats:italic>tat<\/jats:italic>background caused a severe reduction in transcriptional activation. Introduction of the same mutation in an infectious HIV molecular clone caused a severely defective phenotype which could be rescued when the HIV proviral DNA was transfected in a Jurkat cell line stably expressing the Tat protein (Jurkat-Tat) or in Jurkat cells treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infectious virus stocks generated in Jurkat-Tat cells were used to infect Jurkat cells and exhibited severely impaired growth which could also be rescued by infecting Jurkat-Tat cells. These observations define<jats:italic>tat<\/jats:italic>mutations as a mechanism for HIV postintegration latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.72.2.1666-1670.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T18:08:00Z","timestamp":1577815680000},"page":"1666-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Mutations in the<i>tat<\/i>Gene Are Responsible for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Postintegration Latency in the U1 Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Stephane","family":"Emiliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Fischle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Van Lint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol Ann","family":"Amella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Verdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.3.1993-1997.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.2.654-660.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387183a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7824947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90536-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362359a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.9.4045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3313729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.4.1117","article-title":"Characterization of a promonocytic clone chronically infected with HIV and inducible by 13-phorbol-12-myristate acetate","volume":"140","author":"Folks T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Folks T. 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