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We analyzed the presence and the location of a putative glycoside hydrolase\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            gene among\n            <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n            strains obtained from hospitalized patients (255 patients; outbreak, bacteremic, and\/or disseminated isolates from 23 countries and five continents; 1986 to 2009) and from nonclinical origins (isolates obtained from healthy humans [25 isolates], poultry [30], swine [90], and the environment [55]; 1999 to 2007). Clonal relatedness was established by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Plasmid analysis included determination of content and size (S1-PFGE), transferability (filter mating), screening of Rep initiator proteins (PCR), and location of\n            <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>vanB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            genes (S1\/I-CeuI hybridization). Most\n            <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates contained large plasmids (&gt;150 kb) and showed variable contents of\n            <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            , or\n            <jats:italic>esp<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            . The\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            gene was associated with megaplasmids (170 to 375 kb) of worldwide spread (ST16, ST17, and ST18) or locally predominant (ST192, ST203, ST280, and ST412) ampicillin-resistant CC17 clones collected in the five continents since the early 1990s. All but one\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            -positive isolate belonged to the CC17 polyclonal subcluster. The presence of\n            <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>Efm<\/jats:sub>\n            megaplasmids among CC17 from Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa since at least the mid-1990s was documented. This study further demonstrates the pandemic expansion of particular CC17 clones before acquisition of vancomycin resistance and putative virulence traits and describes the presence of megaplasmids in most of the contemporary\n            <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates with different origins.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00134-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]],"date-time":"2010-04-13T03:45:08Z","timestamp":1271130308000},"page":"2660-2665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Global Spread of the\n            <i>hyl<\/i>\n            <sub>Efm<\/sub>\n            Colonization-Virulence Gene in Megaplasmids of the\n            <i>Enterococcus faecium<\/i>\n            CC17 Polyclonal Subcluster"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Laborato\u0301rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farma\u0301cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Tedim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibio\u0301ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, Laborato\u0301rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farma\u0301cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade Cie\u0302ncias da Sau\u0301de, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Ruiz-Garbajosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibio\u0301ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Laverde-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Canto\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibio\u0301ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiologi\u0301a y Salud Pu\u0301blica (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lui\u0301sa","family":"Peixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, Laborato\u0301rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farma\u0301cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Baquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibio\u0301ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiologi\u0301a y Salud Pu\u0301blica (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Coque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto Ramo\u0301n y Cajal de Investigacio\u0301n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibio\u0301ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiologi\u0301a y Salud Pu\u0301blica (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00242-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1995.1220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02239-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"E050127.1","volume":"10","year":"2005","unstructured":"B\u00f6r\u00f6cz, K., E. 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