{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:56:14Z","timestamp":1774868174140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BCM\/112138\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BCM\/112138\/2009"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["HMSP-ICT\/0024\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HMSP-ICT\/0024\/2010"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["iNOVA4Health - UID\/Multi\/04462\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iNOVA4Health - UID\/Multi\/04462\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are widely used, cheap, and chemically stable disinfectants and topical antiseptics with wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within this group of compounds, we recently showed that there are significant differences between the pharmacodynamics of\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -alkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants (QAS) with a short (C\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            ) alkyl chain when\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            toxicities toward bacterial and mammalian epithelial cells are compared. These differences result in an attractive therapeutic window that justifies studying short-chain QAS as prophylactics for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and perinatal vertically transmitted urogenital infections (UGI). We have evaluated the antimicrobial activities of short-chain (C\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            )\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -alkyl QAS against several STI and UGI pathogens as well as against commensal\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. Inhibition of infection of HeLa cells by\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was studied at concentrations that were not toxic to the HeLa cells. We show that the pathogenic bacteria are much more susceptible to QAS toxic effects than the commensal vaginal flora and that QAS significantly attenuate the infectivity of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            without affecting the viability of epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa.\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -Dodecylpyridinium bromide (C\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            PB) was found to be the most effective QAS. Our results strongly suggest that short-chain (C\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            )\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -alkyl pyridinium bromides and structurally similar compounds are promising microbicide candidates for topical application in the prophylaxis of STI and perinatal vertical transmission of UGI.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00166-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T02:49:37Z","timestamp":1458010177000},"page":"3323-3332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants against Streptococcal, Chlamydial, and Gonococcal Infective Agents"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"\u00c2ngela S.","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Milho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Jaime","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Winchil L. C.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ot\u00edlia V.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2012. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections\u20142008. WHO Press Geneva Switzerland. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/75181\/1\/9789241503839_eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Breaking the chain of transmission","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2007. Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006-2015. Breaking the chain of transmission. 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