{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:52:51Z","timestamp":1762865571913},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n TEM-24 remains one of the most widespread TEM-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) among\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n . To analyze the reasons influencing its spread and persistence, a multilevel population genetics study was carried out on 28 representative TEM-24 producers from Belgium, France, Portugal, and Spain (13\n Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 6\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 6\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 2\n Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, and 1\n Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n isolate, from 1998 to 2004). Clonal relatedness (XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] and\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n phylogroups) and antibiotic susceptibility were determined by standard procedures. Plasmid analysis included determination of the incompatibility group (by PCR, hybridization, and\/or sequencing) and comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Characterization of genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance included integrons (classes 1, 2, and 3) and transposons (Tn\n 3<\/jats:italic>\n , Tn\n 21<\/jats:italic>\n , and Tn\n 402<\/jats:italic>\n ). Similar PFGE patterns were identified among\n E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, while\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n strains were diverse (phylogenetic groups A, B2, and D). Highly related 180-kb IncA\/C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n plasmids conferring resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides were identified. Each plasmid contained defective In0-Tn\n 402<\/jats:italic>\n (\n dfrA1<\/jats:italic>\n -\n aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n aacA4<\/jats:italic>\n , or\n aacA4<\/jats:italic>\n -\n aacC1<\/jats:italic>\n -\n orfE<\/jats:italic>\n -\n aadA2<\/jats:italic>\n -\n cmlA1<\/jats:italic>\n ) and In4-Tn\n 402<\/jats:italic>\n (\n aacA4<\/jats:italic>\n or\n dfrA1<\/jats:italic>\n -\n aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n ) variants. These integrons were located within Tn\n 21<\/jats:italic>\n , Tn\n 1696<\/jats:italic>\n , or hybrids of these transposons, with IS\n 5075<\/jats:italic>\n interrupting their IR\n tnp<\/jats:italic>\n and IR\n mer<\/jats:italic>\n . In all cases,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-24<\/jats:sub>\n was part of an IS\n 5075<\/jats:italic>\n -\u0394Tn\n 1<\/jats:italic>\n transposon within\n tnp<\/jats:italic>\n \n 1696<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n , mimicking other genetic elements containing\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-2<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-3<\/jats:sub>\n variants. The international dissemination of TEM-24 is fuelled by an IncA\/C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n plasmid acquired by different enterobacterial clones which seem to evolve by gaining diverse genetic elements. This work highlights the risks of a confluence between highly penetrating clones and highly promiscuous plasmids in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and it contributes to the elucidation of the origin and evolution of TEM-2 ESBL derivatives.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00959-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T05:28:12Z","timestamp":1260250092000},"page":"825-834","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["International Spread and Persistence of TEM-24 Is Caused by the Confluence of Highly Penetrating\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>\n Clones and an IncA\/C\n 2<\/sub>\n Plasmid Containing Tn\n 1696<\/i>\n ::Tn\n 1<\/i>\n and IS\n 5075<\/i>\n -Tn\n 21<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"A\u0302ngela","family":"Novais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiologi\u0301a, Hospital Universitario 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