{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:25:50Z","timestamp":1775636750060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The importance of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Alternaria<\/jats:named-content>\n            species fungi to human health ranges from their role as etiological agents of serious infections with poor prognoses in immunosuppressed individuals to their association with respiratory allergic diseases. The present work focuses on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Alternaria infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which was used as a model organism of the genus, and was designed to unravel melanin production in response to antifungals. After we characterized the pigment produced by\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            , we studied the dynamics of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin production during growth, the degree of melanization in response to antifungals, and how melanization affected susceptibility to several classes of therapeutic drugs. We demonstrate that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            increased melanin deposition in cell walls in response to nikkomycin Z, caspofungin, and itraconazole but not in response to fluconazole or amphotericin B. These results indicate that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            activates DHN-melanin synthesis in response to certain antifungal drugs, possibly as a protective mechanism against these drugs. Inhibition of DHN-melanin synthesis by pyroquilon resulted in a lower minimum effective concentration (MEC) of caspofungin and enhanced morphological changes (increased hyphal balloon size), characterized by thinner and less organized\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            cell walls. In summary,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. infectoria<\/jats:named-content>\n            synthesizes melanin in response to certain antifungal drugs, and its susceptibility is influenced by melanization, suggesting the therapeutic potential of drug combinations that affect melanin synthesis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02190-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T03:23:15Z","timestamp":1451359395000},"page":"1646-1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Activation of Melanin Synthesis in Alternaria infectoria by Antifungal Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chantal","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Prados-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Branca M. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Nakouzi-Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Zuzarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUC\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Subhasish","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center, and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center, and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUC\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-1845(02)00526-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3777-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-22-2-53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Atlas of clinical fungi","author":"de Hoog GS","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gen\u00e9 J, Figueras MJ. 2000. 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