{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:26:42Z","timestamp":1774585602344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although the route of transmission of\n            <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            remains unknown, drinking water has been considered a possible transmission vector. It has been shown previously that, in water, biofilms are a protective niche for several pathogens, protecting them from stressful conditions, such as low carbon concentration, shear stress, and less-than-optimal temperatures. In this work, the influence of these three parameters on the persistence and cultivability of\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            in drinking-water biofilms was studied. Autochthonous biofilm consortia were formed in a two-stage chemostat system and then inoculated with the pathogen. Total numbers of\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            cells were determined by microscopy using a specific\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            16S rRNA peptide nucleic acid probe, whereas cultivable cells were assessed by standard plating onto selective\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            medium. Cultivable\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            could not be detected at any time point, but the ability of\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            cells to incorporate, undergo morphological transformations, persist, and even agglomerate in biofilms for at least 31 days without a noticeable decrease in the total cell number (on average, the concentration was between 1.54 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            and 2.25 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            cells cm\n            <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n            ) or in the intracellular rRNA content may indicate that the loss of cultivability was due to entry into a viable but noncultivable state. Unlike previous results obtained for pure-culture\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms, shear stress did not negatively influence the numbers of\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            cells attached, suggesting that the autochthonous aquatic bacteria have an important role in retaining this pathogen in the sessile state, possibly by providing suitable microaerophilic environments or linking biomolecules to which the pathogen adheres. Therefore, biofilms appear to provide not only a safe haven for\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            but also a concentration mechanism so that subsequent sloughing releases a concentrated bolus of cells that might be infectious and that could escape routine grab sample microbiological analyses and be a cause of concern for public health.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00827-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,2]],"date-time":"2008-08-02T01:29:55Z","timestamp":1217640595000},"page":"5898-5904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Persistence of\n            <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n            in Heterotrophic Drinking-Water Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"M. S.","family":"Gi\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"N. F.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Wilks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C. W.","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.12.7462-7466.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00047-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410701451922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.490-493.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2936-2941.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"155","volume":"47","year":"2003","unstructured":"Azevedo, N. F., M. J. Vieira, and C. W. Keevil. 2003. Establishment of a continuous model system to study Helicobacter pylori survival in potable water biofilms. Water Sci. Technol.47:155-160.","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"387","volume":"55","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bragan\u00e7a, S. M., N. F. Azevedo, L. C. Sim\u00f5es, C. W. Keevil, and M. J. Vieira. 2007. Use of fluorescent in situ hybridisation for the visualisation of Helicobacter pylori in real drinking water biofilms. Water Sci. Technol.55:387-393.","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2002.01122.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479050504001437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"844","volume":"2","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaput, C., C. Ecobichon, N. Cayet, S. E. Girardin, C. Werts, S. Guadagnini, M. C. Prevost, D. Mengin-Lecreulx, A. Labigne, and I. G. Boneca. 2006. Role of amiA in the morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori and in immune escape. PLoS Pathog.2:844-852.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4028(200210)42:5<311::AID-JOBM311>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.10.3124-3132.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2914-2918.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.720"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(03)00106-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00858-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(01)37010-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"2339","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keevil, C. W. 2002. Pathogens in environmental biofilms, p. 2339-2356. In G. Bitton (ed.), The encyclopedia of environmental microbiology. Wiley, New York, NY.","journal-title":"The encyclopedia of environmental microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"10","volume":"3","year":"1995","unstructured":"Keevil, C. W., J. Rogers, and J. T. Walker. 1995. Potable water biofilms. Microbiol. Eur.3:10-14.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Eur."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01574-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3672-3679.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.848-853.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"181","volume":"38","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mackay, W. G., L. T. Gribbon, M. R. Barer, and D. C. Reid. 1998. Biofilms in drinking water systems\u2014a possible reservoir for Helicobacter pylori. Water Sci. Technol.38:181-185.","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00582-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02523.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07577.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.5.1585-1592.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.4.1231-1235.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i3.516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3842-3850.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"455","volume":"79","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Duynhoven, Y. T., and R. de Jonge. 2001. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a role for food? Bull. W. H. O.79:455-460.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00160-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927019309386244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2005.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"196","year":"1995","unstructured":"Walker, J. T., C. W. Mackerness, J. Rogers, and C. W. Keevil. 1995. Heterogenous mosaic biofilm\u2014a haven for waterborne pathogens, p. 196-204. In H. M. Lappin-Scott and J. W. Costerton (ed.), Microbial biofilms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Microbial biofilms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02918-05"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00827-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00827-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T02:16:49Z","timestamp":1645582609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.00827-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.00827-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00827-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}