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Here we used transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to evaluate the effects of exposure to four different metal-based NPs, nano-Ag (nAg), nano-TiO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            (nTiO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ), nano-ZnO (nZnO), and CdTe\/CdS quantum dots (QDs), in the eukaryotic green alga\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The transcriptome was characterized before and after exposure to each NP type. Specific toxicological effects were inferred from the functions of genes whose transcripts either increased or decreased. Data analysis resulted in important differences and also similarities among the NPs. Elevated levels of transcripts of several marker genes for stress were observed, suggesting that only nZnO caused nonspecific global stress to the cells under environmentally relevant conditions. Genes with photosynthesis-related functions were decreased drastically during exposure to nTiO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            and slightly during exposures to the other NP types. This pattern suggests either toxicological effects in the chloroplast or effects that mimic a transition from low to high light. nAg exposure dramatically elevated the levels of transcripts encoding known or predicted components of the cell wall and the flagella, suggesting that it damages structures exposed to the external milieu. Exposures to nTiO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            , nZnO, and QDs elevated the levels of transcripts encoding subunits of the proteasome, suggesting proteasome inhibition, a phenomenon believed to underlie the development and progression of several major diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, and used in chemotherapy against multiple myeloma.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00998-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T05:15:48Z","timestamp":1370063748000},"page":"4774-4785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Transcriptome Sequencing (RNA-seq) Analysis of the Effects of Metal Nanoparticle Exposure on the Transcriptome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Dana F.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"}]},{"given":"Rute F.","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico\/Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Program, St. Edward's University, Austin, Texas, USA"}]},{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Hutchins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Zerges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3962-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es071235e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.071167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.165159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Global signatures of protein and mRNA expression levels","volume":"5","author":"de Sousa Abreu R","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Sousa AbreuR PenalvaLO MarcotteE VogelC. 2009. 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