{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T20:49:32Z","timestamp":1772052572587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Nasopharyngeal colonization is important for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            evolution, providing the opportunity for horizontal gene transfer when multiple strains co-occur. Although colonization with more than one strain of pneumococcus is common, the factors that influence the ability of strains to coexist are not known. A highly variable\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            (bacteriocin-like peptide) locus has been identified in all sequenced strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . This locus controls the regulation and secretion of bacteriocins, small peptides that target other bacteria. In this study, we analyzed a series of cocolonizing isolates to evaluate the impact of the\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            locus on human colonization to determine whether competitive phenotypes of bacteriocin secretion restrict cocolonization. We identified a collection of 135 nasopharyngeal samples cocolonized with two or more strains, totaling 285 isolates. The\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            locus of all strains was characterized genetically with regard to pheromone type, bacteriocin\/immunity content, and potential for locus functionality. Inhibitory phenotypes of bacteriocin secretion and locus activity were assessed through overlay assays. Isolates from single colonizations (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 298) were characterized for comparison. Cocolonizing strains had a high diversity of\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            cassettes; approximately one-third displayed an inhibitory phenotype\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Despite\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            evidence of competition, pneumococci cocolonized the subjects independently of\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            pheromone type (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.577), bacteriocin\/immunity content,\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            locus activity (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.798), and inhibitory phenotype (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.716). In addition, no significant differences were observed when single and cocolonizing strains were compared. Despite clear evidence of\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            -mediated competition in experimental models, the results of our study suggest that the\n            <jats:italic>blp<\/jats:italic>\n            locus plays a limited role in restricting pneumococcal cocolonization in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Nasopharyngeal colonization with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (pneumococcus) is important for pneumococcal evolution, as the nasopharynx represents the major site for horizontal gene transfer when multiple strains co-occur, a phenomenon known as cocolonization. Understanding how pneumococcal strains interact within the competitive environment of the nasopharynx is of chief importance in the context of pneumococcal ecology. In this study, we used an unbiased collection of naturally co-occurring pneumococcal strains and showed that a biological process frequently used by bacteria for competition\u2014bacteriocin production\u2014is not decisive in the coexistence of pneumococci in the host, in contrast to what has been shown in experimental models.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01048-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,18]],"date-time":"2016-06-18T02:23:51Z","timestamp":1466216631000},"page":"5206-5215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The\n            <i>blp<\/i>\n            Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae Plays a Limited Role in the Selection of Strains That Can Cocolonize the Human Nasopharynx"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Dawid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco R.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia","family":"de Lencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"S\u00e1-Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"816","article-title":"Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2012. 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