{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:07:01Z","timestamp":1777594021177,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Accumulation of galactose in dairy products due to partial lactose fermentation by lactic acid bacteria yields poor-quality products and precludes their consumption by individuals suffering from galactosemia. This study aimed at extending our knowledge of galactose metabolism in\n            <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>\n            , with the final goal of tailoring strains for enhanced galactose consumption. We used directed genetically engineered strains to examine galactose utilization in strain NZ9000 via the chromosomal Leloir pathway (\n            <jats:italic>gal<\/jats:italic>\n            genes) or the plasmid-encoded tagatose 6-phosphate (Tag6P) pathway (\n            <jats:italic>lac<\/jats:italic>\n            genes). Galactokinase (GalK), but not galactose permease (GalP), is essential for growth on galactose. This finding led to the discovery of an alternative route, comprising a galactose phosphotransferase system (PTS) and a phosphatase, for galactose dissimilation in NZ9000. Introduction of the Tag6P pathway in a\n            <jats:italic>galPMK<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant restored the ability to metabolize galactose but did not sustain growth on this sugar. The latter strain was used to prove that\n            <jats:italic>lacFE<\/jats:italic>\n            , encoding the lactose PTS, is necessary for galactose metabolism, thus implicating this transporter in galactose uptake. Both PTS transporters have a low affinity for galactose, while GalP displays a high affinity for the sugar. Furthermore, the GalP\/Leloir route supported the highest galactose consumption rate. To further increase this rate, we overexpressed\n            <jats:italic>galPMKT<\/jats:italic>\n            , but this led to a substantial accumulation of \u03b1-galactose 1-phosphate and \u03b1-glucose 1-phosphate, pointing to a bottleneck at the level of \u03b1-phosphoglucomutase. Overexpression of a gene encoding \u03b1-phosphoglucomutase alone or in combination with\n            <jats:italic>gal<\/jats:italic>\n            genes yielded strains with galactose consumption rates enhanced up to 50% relative to that of NZ9000. Approaches to further improve galactose metabolism are discussed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01195-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,4]],"date-time":"2010-09-04T02:34:25Z","timestamp":1283567665000},"page":"7048-7060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Towards Enhanced Galactose Utilization by\n            <i>Lactococcus lactis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Repu\u0301blica (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wietske A.","family":"Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Solopova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Repu\u0301blica (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Oscar P.","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. 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