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We aimed to determine the involvement of the red deer (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cervus elaphus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) in the ecology of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We predicted that red deer populations from broad geographic areas within a European context would be exposed to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and therefore, we hypothesized that a series of factors would modulate the exposure of red deer to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . To test this hypothesis, we designed a retrospective survey of 47 Iberian red deer populations from which 1,751 serum samples and 489 spleen samples were collected. Sera were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in order to estimate exposure to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and spleen samples were analyzed by PCR in order to estimate the prevalence of systemic infections. Thereafter, we gathered 23 variables\u2014within environmental, host, and management factors\u2014potentially modulating the risk of exposure of deer to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and we performed multivariate statistical analyses to identify the main risk factors. Twenty-three populations were seropositive (48.9%), and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA in the spleen was detected in 50% of the populations analyzed. The statistical analyses reflect the complexity of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ecology and suggest that although red deer may maintain the circulation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            without third species, the most frequent scenario probably includes other wild and domestic host species. These findings, taken together with previous evidence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            shedding by naturally infected red deer, point at this wild ungulate as a true reservoir for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and an important node in the life cycle of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , at least in the Iberian Peninsula.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01433-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T02:50:27Z","timestamp":1436237427000},"page":"6223-6231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) to Coxiella burnetii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa","family":"Velasco \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Boadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SABIOtec, Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1ngel","family":"Barasona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. 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