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However, studies on the features of enterococci species co-colonizing healthy individuals are scarce. We investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and bacteriocin profiles of\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              species in fecal samples from healthy adults in Portugal using culture-based methods, WGS, and bacteriocin inhibition assays. Results were compared with data from a 2001 study in the same region.\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 315; 24% MDR) were recovered from all volunteers.\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>\n              was the prevalent species (75%), followed by\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n              (65%) and\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n              (47%).\n              <jats:italic>E. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n              prevalence increased 2.5-fold since 2001. Linezolid resistance genes (\n              <jats:italic>optrA\/poxtA<\/jats:italic>\n              ) were detected in\n              <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus thailandicus<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates, while a vancomycin-variable\n              <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n              was also identified. Virulence and plasmid profiles were diverse across species, with evidence of exchange of virulence markers and plasmid replicons between\n              <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>E. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n              . Bacteriocin gene repertoires were extensive and species-specific. Higher numbers of bacteriocin genes were associated with stronger inhibition profiles, and 25% of\n              <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>E. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates were capable of inhibiting relevant VRE clones. This study unveils the co-occurrence and ecological dynamics of\n              <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              species in the healthy human gut, reinforcing its role as a reservoir for key antibiotic resistance genes and potentially pathogenic strains. The shift toward\n              <jats:italic>E. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n              prevalence and the detection of linezolid resistance genes in healthy individuals underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of the gut microbiome to guide public health strategies and antibiotic stewardship efforts.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                This study highlights the role of\n                <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                species in the healthy human gut, revealing important insights into their prevalence and antibiotic resistance. It emphasizes that the human gut serves as a significant reservoir for antibiotic-resistant strains and shows a notable increase and prevalence of\n                <jats:italic>Enterococcus lactis,<\/jats:italic>\n                which has been underappreciated due to identification challenges. The research also underscores the bacteriocins\u2019 role in microbial competition, where commensal strains inhibit clinical VRE, potentially aiding the restoration of the gut microbiota, after antibiotic treatment. The findings accentuate the need for ongoing surveillance to track changes in gut bacteria, especially with the emergence of resistance genes to last resort antibiotics. Such monitoring is crucial for shaping public health strategies and managing the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections. Profiling bacteriocins at the species and strain level can identify ecological adaptation factors and inform strategies to target high-risk clones.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01699-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T14:01:53Z","timestamp":1734616913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The healthy human gut can take it all: vancomycin-variable, linezolid-resistant strains and specific bacteriocin-species interplay in\n            <i>Enterococcus<\/i>\n            spp."],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Almeida-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Unidade de Ci\u00eancias Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Sa\u00fade e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Unidade de Ci\u00eancias Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Sa\u00fade e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-7173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Tedim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Sepsis \u2013 BioSepsis, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL)","place":["Salamanca, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES, CB22\/06\/00035), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Sa\u00fade e a Bioeconomia, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, IUCS-CESPU","place":["Gandra, Portugal"]},{"name":"UCIBIO, Unidade de Ci\u00eancias Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU)","place":["Gandra, Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana C.","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Sa\u00fade e a Bioeconomia, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, IUCS-CESPU","place":["Gandra, Portugal"]},{"name":"UCIBIO, Unidade de Ci\u00eancias Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU)","place":["Gandra, Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui M. 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