{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T06:42:24Z","timestamp":1775112144659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]],"date-time":"2011-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Surfaces made of copper or its alloys have strong antimicrobial properties against a wide variety of microorganisms. However, the molecular mode of action responsible for the antimicrobial efficacy of metallic copper is not known. Here, we show that dry copper surfaces inactivate\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n            within minutes in a process called contact-mediated killing. Cellular copper ion homeostasis systems influenced the kinetics of contact-mediated killing in both organisms. Deregulated copper ion uptake through a hyperactive\n            <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n            Ctr1p (ScCtr1p) copper uptake transporter in\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces<\/jats:italic>\n            resulted in faster inactivation of mutant cells than of wild-type cells. Similarly, lack of the\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            Crp1p (CaCrp1p) copper-efflux P-type ATPase or the metallothionein CaCup1p caused more-rapid killing of\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant cells than of wild-type cells.\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces<\/jats:italic>\n            took up large quantities of copper ions as soon as they were in contact with copper surfaces, as indicated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis and by the intracellular copper ion-reporting dye coppersensor-1. Exposure to metallic copper did not cause lethality through genotoxicity, deleterious action on a cell's genetic material, as indicated by a mutation assay with\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces<\/jats:italic>\n            . Instead, toxicity mediated by metallic copper surfaces targeted membranes in both yeast species. With the use of Live\/Dead staining, onset of rapid and extensive cytoplasmic membrane damage was observed in cells from copper surfaces. Fluorescence microscopy using the indicator dye DiSBaC\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            (3) indicated that cell membranes were depolarized. Also, during contact-mediated killing, vacuoles first became enlarged and then disappeared from the cells. Lastly, in metallic copper-stressed yeasts, oxidative stress in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria was elevated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01704-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,20]],"date-time":"2010-11-20T03:44:11Z","timestamp":1290224651000},"page":"416-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Mechanisms of Contact-Mediated Killing of Yeast Cells on Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Krans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504"}]},{"given":"Christophe Espi\u0301rito","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra and Marine and Environmental Research Center (IMAR-CMA), 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christian G.","family":"Elowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska\u2014Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588"}]},{"given":"Dylan W.","family":"Domaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Grass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"36","volume":"11","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abramoff, M. 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