{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:00:17Z","timestamp":1761418817163},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]],"date-time":"2012-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains were sampled periodically from 50 animals at a single veal calf farm over a period of 6 months. At arrival, 10% of animals were\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            positive, and the peak incidence was determined to occur at the age of 18 days (16%). The prevalence then decreased, and at slaughter,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            could not be isolated. Six different PCR ribotypes were detected, and strains within a single PCR ribotype could be differentiated further by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PCR ribotype diversity was high up to the animal age of 18 days, but at later sampling points, PCR ribotype 078 and the highly related PCR ribotype 126 predominated. Resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and erythromycin was detected, while all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and metronidazole. Multiple variations of the resistance gene\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (M) were present at the same sampling point, and these changed over time. We have shown that PCR ribotypes often associated with cattle (ribotypes 078, 126, and 033) were not clonal but differed in PFGE type, sporulation properties, antibiotic sensitivities, and tetracycline resistance determinants, suggesting that multiple strains of the same PCR ribotype infected the calves and that calves were likely to be infected prior to arrival at the farm. Importantly, strains isolated at later time points were more likely to be resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin and showed higher early sporulation efficiencies\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , suggesting that these two properties converge to promote the persistence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the environment or in hosts.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02185-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,23]],"date-time":"2012-09-23T00:26:42Z","timestamp":1348360002000},"page":"8515-8522","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Different Antibiotic Resistance and Sporulation Properties within Multiclonal Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes 078, 126, and 033 in a Single Calf Farm"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Valerija","family":"Zidaric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Pardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"dos Vultos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Deprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Michael Sebastiaan Maria","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Adam P.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Adriano O.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Rupnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"},{"name":"University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02459-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01171-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01824.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61266-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/mge.19297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"CLSI. 2011. 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