{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:47:05Z","timestamp":1777891625276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Wild-type\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Corynebacterium glutamicum<\/jats:named-content>\n            produces a mixture of lactic, succinic, and acetic acids from glucose under oxygen deprivation. We investigated the effect of CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            on the production of organic acids in a two-stage process: cells were grown aerobically in glucose, and subsequently, organic acid production by nongrowing cells was studied under anaerobic conditions. The presence of CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            caused up to a 3-fold increase in the succinate yield (1 mol per mol of glucose) and about 2-fold increase in acetate, both at the expense of\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lactate production; moreover, dihydroxyacetone formation was abolished. The redistribution of carbon fluxes in response to CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            was estimated by using\n            <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n            C-labeled glucose and\n            <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n            C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the labeling patterns in end products. The flux analysis showed that 97% of succinate was produced via the reductive part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with the low activity of the oxidative branch being sufficient to provide the reducing equivalents needed for the redox balance. The flux via the pentose phosphate pathway was low (\u223c5%) regardless of the presence or absence of CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            . Moreover, there was significant channeling of carbon to storage compounds (glycogen and trehalose) and concomitant catabolism of these reserves. The intracellular and extracellular pools of lactate and succinate were measured by\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            NMR, and the stoichiometry (H\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            :organic acid) of the respective exporters was calculated. This study shows that it is feasible to take advantage of natural cellular regulation mechanisms to obtain high yields of succinate with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. glutamicum<\/jats:named-content>\n            without genetic manipulation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.04189-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,8]],"date-time":"2014-03-08T05:40:12Z","timestamp":1394257212000},"page":"3015-3024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Carbon Flux Analysis by\n            <sup>13<\/sup>\n            C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To Determine the Effect of CO\n            <sub>2<\/sub>\n            on Anaerobic Succinate Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Du\u0161ica","family":"Rado\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds L.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00facia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Blombach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bernhard J.","family":"Eikmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ana Rute","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-0879-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Amino acid biosynthesis: pathways, regulation and metabolic engineering. 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