{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:47:30Z","timestamp":1778528850190,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious and economically important disease of domestic pigs. There is no vaccine, and so reliable diagnosis is essential for control strategies. The performance of four recombinant ASF virus (ASFV) protein (pK205R, pB602L, p104R, and p54)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) was evaluated with European porcine field sera that had been established by Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-approved tests to be ASFV negative (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 119) and ASFV positive (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 80). The \u03ba values showed that there was almost perfect agreement between the results of the \u201cgold standard\u201d test (immunoblotting) and the results obtained by the p54-specific ELISA (\u03ba = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 0.99) and the pK205R-specific ELISA or the pB602L-specific ELISA (\u03ba = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.97). For the pA104R-specific ELISA, there was substantial to almost perfect agreement (\u03ba = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.89). Similar results were observed by the OIE-approved ELISA (\u03ba = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95). Importantly, antibodies against these proteins were detectable early after infection of domestic pigs. Preliminary testing of 9 positive and 17 negative serum samples from pigs from West Africa showed identical results by the recombinant protein-based ELISA and the OIE-approved tests. In contrast, there was a high degree of specificity but a surprisingly a low level of sensitivity with 7 positive and 342 negative serum samples from pigs from East Africa. With poorly preserved sera, only the p104R-specific ELISA showed a significant reduction in sensitivity compared to that of the OIE-approved ELISA. Finally, these recombinant proteins also detected antibodies in the sera of the majority of infected warthogs. Thus, recombinant ASFV proteins p54, pB602L, and pK205R provide sensitive and specific targets for the detection of antibodies in European and West African domestic pigs and warthogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00408-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]],"date-time":"2009-05-07T00:59:10Z","timestamp":1241657950000},"page":"1012-1020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Recombinant Antigen Targets for Serodiagnosis of African Swine Fever"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carmina","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lui\u0301sa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Kalema-Zikusoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R. M. E.","family":"Parkhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Leita\u0303o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Cie\u0302ncia, Apartado 14, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation through Public Health, P.O. Box 10950, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"CesNova, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Berna 26C, Lisbon 1069-061, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o Cienti\u0301fica Tropical, CVZ, CIISA, Av. Universidade Te\u0301cnica, Lisbon 1300-477, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200307","volume":"2","year":"1990","unstructured":"Alcaraz, C., M. De Diego, M. J. Pastor, and J. Escribano. 1990. Comparison of a radioimmunoprecipitation assay to immunoblotting and ELISA for detection of antibody to African swine fever virus. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig.2:191-196.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)00150-F","volume":"52","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alcaraz, C., F. Rodriguez, J. M. Oviedo, A. Eiras, M. De Diego, C. Alonso, and J. M. Escribano. 1995. Highly specific confirmatory Western blot test of African swine fever virus antibody detection using the recombinant virus protein p54. J. Virol. Methods52:111-119.","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.8.189","volume":"133","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arias, M., J. M. Escribano, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino. 1993. Persistence of African swine fever antibody reactivity on ELISA and immunoblotting assays. Vet. Rec.133:189.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(93)90031-N","volume":"17","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bech-Nielsen, S., M. L. Arias, J. Panadero, J. M. Escribano, C. Gomez Tejedor, Q. Perez-Bonilla, and J. M. S\u00e1nchez Vizca\u00edno. 1993. Laboratory diagnosis and disease occurrence in the current African swine fever eradication program in Spain 1989-1991. Prev. Vet. Med.17:225-234.","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.11.007","volume":"121","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boshoff, C. I., A. D. Bastos, L. J. Gerber, and W. Vosloo. 2007. Genetic characterisation of African swine fever viruses from outbreaks in southern Africa (1973-1999). Vet. Microbiol.121:45-55.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"159","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dixon, L. K., J. V. Costa, J. M. Escribano, D. L. Rock, E. Vinuela, and P. J. Wilkinson. 2000. Asfarviridae, p. 159-165. In M. H. V van Regenmortel, C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, E. Cartens, M. Estes, S. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M. A. Mayo, D. McGeoch, C. R. Pringle, and R. B. Wickner (ed.), Virus taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.","journal-title":"Virus taxonomy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.07.1118","volume":"50","year":"1989","unstructured":"Escribano, J. M., M. J. Pastor, and J. M. S\u00e1nchez Vizca\u00edno. 1989. Antibodies to bovine serum albumin in swine sera: implication for false-positive reactions in the serodiagnosis of African swine fever. Am. J. Vet. Res.50:1118-1122.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Statistical methods for medical Investig. 1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.950-956.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9068","volume":"243","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gomez-Puertas, P., F. Rodriguez, J. M. Oviedo, A. Brun, C. Alonso, and J. M. Escribano. 1998. The African swine fever virus proteins p54 and p30 are involved in two distinct steps of virus attachment and both contribute to the antibody-mediated protective immune response. Virology243:461-471.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3987-5_1","volume":"9","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hess, W. R. 1971. African swine fever virus, p. 1-3. In S. Gad, G. Hallaner, and K. F. Meyer (ed.), Virology monographs,vol. 9. Springer, Berlin, Germany.","journal-title":"Virology monographs,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-6-1331","volume":"83","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kollnberger, S. D., B. Gutierrez-Casta\u00f1eda, M. Foster-Cuevas, A. Corteyn, and R. M. Parkhouse. 2002. Identification of the principal serological immunodeterminants of African swine fever virus by screening a virus cDNA library with antibody. J. Gen. Virol.83:1331-1342.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-3-513","volume":"82","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o, A., C. Cartaxeiro, R. Coelho, B. Cruz, R. M. Parkhouse, F. Portugal, J. D. Vigario, and C. L. Martins. 2001. The non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolate ASFV\/NH\/P68 provides a model for defining the protective anti-virus immune response. J. Gen. Virol.82:513-523.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"104","volume":"21","year":"1960","unstructured":"Malmquist, W., and D. Hay. 1960. Hemadsorption and cytopathic effect produced by African swine fever virus in swine bone marrow and buffy coat cultures. Am. J. Vet. Res.21:104-108.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.11.011","volume":"319","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neilan, J. G., L. Zsak, Z. Lu, T. G. Burrage, G. F. Kutish, and D. L. Rock. 2004. Neutralizing antibodies to African swine fever virus proteins p30, p54, and p72 are not sufficient for antibody-mediated protection. Virology319:337-342.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2008. 2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1040","volume":"198","year":"1994","unstructured":"Onisk, D. V., M. V. Borca, G. Kutish, E. Kramer, P. Irusta, and D. L. Rock. 1994. Passively transferred African swine fever virus antibodies protect swine against lethal infection. Virology198:350-354.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81038-0","volume":"86","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oura, C. A., M. S. Denyer, H. Takamatsu, and R. M. Parkhouse. 2005. In vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes abrogates protective immunity to African swine fever virus. J. Gen. Virol.86:2445-2450.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(96)02140-4","volume":"64","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oviedo, J. M., F. Rodriguez, P. Gomez-Puertas, A. Brun, N. Gomez, C. Alonso, and J. M. Escribano. 1997. High level expression of the major antigenic African swine fever virus proteins p54 and p30 in baculovirus and their potential use as diagnosis reagents. J. Virol. Methods64:27-35.","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"105","volume":"53","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pastor, M. J., M. D. Laviada, J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino, and J. M. Escribano. 1989. Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies by immunoblotting assay. Can. J. Vet. Res.53:105.","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.10.1540","volume":"51","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pastor, M. J., M. Arias, and J. M. Escribano. 1990. Comparison of two antigens for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect African swine fever antibody. Am. J. Vet. Res.51:1540-1543.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00406-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82857-0","volume":"88","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reis, A. L., R. M. Parkhouse, A. R. Penedos, C. Martins, and A. Leitao. 2007. Systematic analysis of longitudinal serological responses of pigs infected experimentally with African swine fever virus. J. Gen. Virol.88:2426-2434.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.06.1249","volume":"47","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gonzalvo, F., M. E. Carnero, C. Caballero, and J. Mart\u00ednez. 1986. Inhibition of African swine fever infection in the presence of immune sera in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Vet. Res.47:1249-1252.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.07.1361","volume":"45","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schlafer, D. H., J. W. McVicar, and C. A. Mebus. 1984. African swine fever convalescent sows: subsequent pregnancy and the effect of colostral antibody on challenge inoculation of their pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res.45:1361-1366.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(85)90071-6","volume":"9","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wardley, R. C., S. G. Norley, P. J. Wilkinson, and S. Williams. 1985. The role of antibody in protection against African swine fever virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.9:201-212.","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1149","volume":"208","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yanez, R. J., J. M. Rodriguez, M. L. Nogel, L. Yuste, C. Enriquez, J. F. Rodriguez, and E. Vinuela. 1995. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of African swine fever virus. Virology208:249-278.","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00408-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00408-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1739091733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00408-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00408-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00408-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-04-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}