{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:28:53Z","timestamp":1772890133066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella mangrovensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            has been described as a sexual species with a bipolar mating system. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes places this species together with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella heveanensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella<\/jats:named-content>\n            clade, a sister clade to that containing two pathogenic species of global importance,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , within the Tremellales. Recent studies defining the mating type loci (\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            ) of species in these clades showed that, with the exception of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which are bipolar with a single biallelic multigene\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            locus, several other species feature a tetrapolar mating system with two unlinked loci (homeodomain [HD] and pheromone\/receptor [P\/R] loci). We characterized several strains from the original study describing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. mangrovensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ; two\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            regions were amplified and sequenced: the\n            <jats:italic>STE20<\/jats:italic>\n            gene (P\/R locus) and the divergently transcribed\n            <jats:italic>SXI1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>SXI2<\/jats:italic>\n            genes (HD locus). We identified five different mating types with different\n            <jats:italic>STE20<\/jats:italic>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>SXI<\/jats:italic>\n            allele combinations that together with results of mating experiments demonstrate that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. mangrovensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is not bipolar but instead has a tetrapolar mating system. Sequence and gene analysis for a 43-kb segment of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. mangrovensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            type strain\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            locus revealed remarkable synteny with the homologous\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. heveanensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            P\/R region, providing new insights into slower evolution of\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            loci in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella<\/jats:named-content>\n            compared to the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            clade of the Tremellales. The study of additional isolates from plant substrates in Europe and Botswana using a combination of multilocus sequencing with\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            gene analysis revealed two novel sibling species that we name\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella europaea<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Kwoniella botswanensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and which appear to also have tetrapolar mating systems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00065-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,23]],"date-time":"2013-03-23T02:18:49Z","timestamp":1364005129000},"page":"746-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular and Genetic Evidence for a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Basidiomycetous Yeast Kwoniella mangrovensis and Two Novel Sibling Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiol\u00f3gicos (CREM), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}]},{"given":"Joana A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiol\u00f3gicos (CREM), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura N.","family":"Rusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}]},{"given":"Keisha","family":"Findley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiol\u00f3gicos (CREM), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00005-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19974-5_6","volume-title":"Evolution of fungi and fungal-like organisms, the Mycota","author":"K\u00fces U","year":"2011","unstructured":"K\u00fcesU JamesTY HeitmanJ. 2011. 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