{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:53:23Z","timestamp":1778187203111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>has been shown to form biofilms that are associated with adaptive antifungal resistance mechanisms. These include multidrug efflux pumps, heat shock proteins, and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is a key structural and protective component of microbial biofilms and in bacteria has been shown to contain extracellular DNA (eDNA). We therefore hypothesized that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>biofilms also possess eDNA as part of the ECM, conferring a functional role. Fluorescence microscopy and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated the presence of eDNA, which was released phase dependently (8 &lt; 12 &lt; 24 &lt; 48 h). Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR showed that eDNA was identical to genomic DNA. Biofilm architectural integrity was destabilized by DNase treatment. Biochemical and transcriptional analyses showed that chitinase activity and mRNA levels of chitinase, a marker of autolysis, were significantly upregulated as the biofilm matured and that inhibition of chitinases affected biofilm growth and stability, indicating mechanistically that autolysis was possibly involved. Finally, using checkerboard assays, it was shown that combinational treatment of biofilms with DNase plus amphotericin B and caspofungin significantly improved antifungal susceptibility. Collectively, these data show that eDNA is an important structural component of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>ECM that is released through autolysis, which is important for protection from environmental stresses, including antifungal therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00287-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,12]],"date-time":"2013-01-12T05:53:41Z","timestamp":1357970021000},"page":"420-429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Extracellular DNA Release Acts as an Antifungal Resistance Mechanism in Mature Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ranjith","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (Yorkhill Division), Glasgow, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Owain","family":"Millington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Ramage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.502190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02381.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.01.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Catheter outflow obstruction due to an aspergilloma","volume":"31","author":"Jeloka TK","year":"2011","unstructured":"JelokaTK ShrividyaS WagholikarG. 2011. 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