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Here we report identification of the transposon-located (Tn\n            <jats:italic>OtChr<\/jats:italic>\n            ) chromate resistance genes from the highly tolerant strain\n            <jats:italic>Ochrobactrum tritici<\/jats:italic>\n            5bvl1 surviving chromate concentrations of &gt;50 mM. The 7,189-bp-long Tn\n            <jats:italic>OtChr<\/jats:italic>\n            of the mixed Tn\n            <jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>\n            \/Tn\n            <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n            transposon subfamily contains a group of\n            <jats:italic>chrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>chrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>chrC<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>chrF<\/jats:italic>\n            genes situated between divergently transcribed resolvase and transposase genes. The\n            <jats:italic>chrB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>chrA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes, but not\n            <jats:italic>chrF<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>chrC<\/jats:italic>\n            , were essential for establishment of high resistance in chromium-sensitive\n            <jats:italic>O. tritici<\/jats:italic>\n            . The\n            <jats:italic>chr<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter was strongly induced by chromate or dichromate, but it was completely unresponsive to Cr(III), oxidants, sulfate, or other oxyanions. Plasmid reporter experiments identified ChrB as a chromate-sensing regulator of\n            <jats:italic>chr<\/jats:italic>\n            expression. Induction of the\n            <jats:italic>chr<\/jats:italic>\n            operon suppressed accumulation of cellular Cr through the activity of a chromate efflux pump encoded by\n            <jats:italic>chrA<\/jats:italic>\n            . Expression of\n            <jats:italic>chrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>chrC<\/jats:italic>\n            , or\n            <jats:italic>chrF<\/jats:italic>\n            in an\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli sodA sodB<\/jats:italic>\n            double mutant restored its aerobic growth in minimal medium and conferred resistance to superoxide-generating agents menadione and paraquat. Nitroblue tetrazolium staining on native gels showed that ChrC protein had superoxide dismutase activity. Tn\n            <jats:italic>OtChr<\/jats:italic>\n            appears to represent a mobile genetic system for the distribution of the chromate-regulated resistance operon. The presence of three genes protecting against superoxide toxicity should provide an additional survival advantage to Tn\n            <jats:italic>OtChr<\/jats:italic>\n            -containing cells in the environments with multiple redox-active contaminants.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00289-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,6]],"date-time":"2008-09-06T00:55:22Z","timestamp":1220662522000},"page":"6996-7003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["The Chromate-Inducible\n            <i>chrBACF<\/i>\n            Operon from the Transposable Element Tn\n            <i>OtChr<\/i>\n            Confers Resistance to Chromium(VI) and Superoxide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Departmento de Bioquimica, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Departmento de Bioquimica, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912"}]},{"given":"Volkan","family":"Gurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Departmento de Bioquimica, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Zhitkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.9.3371-3381.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.23.7398-7400.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.17.5762-5774.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","volume":"44","year":"1971","unstructured":"Beauchamp, C., and I. 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