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With the help of this technique, the existence of a periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the thick peptidoglycan layer of the gram-positive bacteria<jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>was recently shown. This raises questions about the mode of polymerization of peptidoglycan. In the present study, we report the structure of the cell envelope of three gram-positive bacteria (<jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Enterococcus gallinarum<\/jats:italic>). In the three cases, a previously undescribed granular layer adjacent to the plasma membrane is found in the periplasmic space. In order to better understand how nascent peptidoglycan is incorporated into the mature peptidoglycan, we investigated cellular regions known to represent the sites of cell wall production. Each of these sites possesses a specific structure. We propose a hypothetic model of peptidoglycan polymerization that accommodates these differences: peptidoglycan precursors could be exported from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, where they could diffuse until they would interact with the interface between the granular layer and the thick peptidoglycan layer. They could then polymerize with mature peptidoglycan. We report cytoplasmic structures at the<jats:italic>E. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>septum that could be interpreted as cytoskeletal elements driving cell division (FtsZ ring). Although immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy studies have demonstrated the septal and cytoplasmic localization of FtsZ, direct visualization of in situ FtsZ filaments has not been obtained in any electron microscopy study of fixed and dehydrated bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00391-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,4]],"date-time":"2006-09-04T18:33:38Z","timestamp":1157394818000},"page":"6652-6660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of<i>Enterococcus gallinarum<\/i>and<i>Streptococcus gordonii<\/i>Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Benoi\u0302t","family":"Zuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ultrastructural Analysis, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Haenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Ta\u0302nia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBET\/ITQB, Laboratory of Stress by Antibiotics and Virulence of Enterococci, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Minnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Fa\u0301tima","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBET\/ITQB, Laboratory of Stress by Antibiotics and Virulence of Enterococci, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Moreillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Dubochet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ultrastructural Analysis, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600366","volume":"23","year":"2004","unstructured":"Al-Amoudi, A., J. 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