{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T15:02:18Z","timestamp":1776524538928,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sporulation by\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a cell density-dependent response to nutrient deprivation. Central to the decision of entering sporulation is a phosphorelay, through which sensor kinases promote phosphorylation of Spo0A. The phosphorelay integrates both positive and negative signals, ensuring that sporulation, a time- and energy-consuming process that may bring an ecological cost, is only triggered should other adaptations fail. Here we report that a gastrointestinal isolate of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n            sporulates with high efficiency during growth, bypassing the cell density, nutritional, and other signals that normally make sporulation a post-exponential-phase response. Sporulation during growth occurs because Spo0A is more active per cell and in a higher fraction of the population than in a laboratory strain. This in turn, is primarily caused by the absence from the gut strain of the genes\n            <jats:italic>rapE<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>rapK<\/jats:italic>\n            , coding for two aspartyl phosphatases that negatively modulate the flow of phosphoryl groups to Spo0A. We show, in line with recent results, that activation of Spo0A through the phosphorelay is the limiting step for sporulation initiation in the gut strain. Our results further suggest that the phosphorelay is tuned to favor sporulation during growth in gastrointestinal\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, presumably as a form of survival and\/or propagation in the gut environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01993-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T07:57:53Z","timestamp":1410854273000},"page":"4184-4196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Sporulation during Growth in a Gut Isolate of Bacillus subtilis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia R.","family":"Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ashlee M.","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Kolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Adriano O.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bacterial spore formers: probiotics and emerging applications","author":"Nicholson WL","year":"2004","unstructured":"NicholsonWL. 2004. Ubiquity, longevity, and ecological roles of Bacillus spores, p 1\u201315. In RiccaEHenriquesAOCuttingSM (ed), Bacterial spore formers: probiotics and emerging applications. Horizon Scientific Press, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08109.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02860.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/36786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00461.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.968-978.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507121102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2692-2700.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01343-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2004.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00141-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.47.100193.002301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02148.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00070-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90238-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240510111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03818.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1335705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.4.1357-1368.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00148.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02460.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells","author":"Perego M","year":"2002","unstructured":"PeregoMHochJA. 2002. Two-component systems, phosphorelays and regulation of their activities by phosphatases, p 473\u2013481. In SonensheinALHochJALosickR (ed), Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells. ASM Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00490-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02611.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.4.1549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90035-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00488-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02974.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607617200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.874201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.892801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00072-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.038497-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06057-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002499107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01484-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Molecular biological methods for Bacillus","author":"Nicholson WL","year":"1990","unstructured":"NicholsonWLSetlowP. 1990. Sporulation, germination and out-growth, p 391\u2013450. In HarwoodCRCuttingSM (ed), Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Molecular biology methods for Bacillus","author":"Cutting SM","year":"1990","unstructured":"CuttingSMVander HornPB. 1990. Genetic analysis, p 53\u201354. In HarwoodCRCuttingSM (ed), Molecular biology methods for Bacillus. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01353-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6443-6453.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4491805.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.3.861-863.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00466-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06234.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2010.00253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.027839-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.2.303-310.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-2-323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.6247-6256.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00184-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00300-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505835102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.10218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03869.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.21.7460-7470.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsr022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.127.1.572-583.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Electron microscopy of a filamentous, segmented bacterium attached to the small intestine of mice from a laboratory animal colony in Denmark","volume":"87","author":"Ferguson DJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"FergusonDJBirch-AndersenA. 1979. Electron microscopy of a filamentous, segmented bacterium attached to the small intestine of mice from a laboratory animal colony in Denmark. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B 87:247\u2013252.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","first-page":"519","volume-title":"Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells","author":"Stragier P","year":"2002","unstructured":"StragierP. 2002. A gene odyssey: exploring the genomes of endosporeforming bacteria, p 519\u2013526. In SonensheinALHochJALosickR (ed), Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells. ASM Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011783-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191384198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01234-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00374-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03584.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.03996.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04746.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.170.12.5662-5668.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01542-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05310-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.12.3757-3766.1993"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01993-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01993-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:37:40Z","timestamp":1627580260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.01993-14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.01993-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01993-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-09-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}