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Endosporulation is characterized by the morphogenesis of an endospore within a mother cell. Based on the genes known to be involved in endosporulation in the model organism<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>, a conserved core of about 100 genes was derived, representing the minimal machinery for endosporulation. The core was used to define a genomic signature of about 50 genes that are able to distinguish endospore-forming organisms, based on complete genome sequences, and we show this 50-gene signature is robust against phylogenetic proximity and other artifacts. This signature includes previously uncharacterized genes that we can now show are important for sporulation in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>and\/or are under developmental control, thus further validating this genomic signature. We also predict that a series of polyextremophylic organisms, as well as several gut bacteria, are able to form endospores, and we identified 3 new loci essential for sporulation in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>:<jats:italic>ytaF<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ylmC<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>ylzA<\/jats:italic>. In all, the results support the view that endosporulation likely evolved once, at the base of the<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Firmicutes<\/jats:named-content>phylum, and is unrelated to other bacterial cell differentiation programs and that this involved the evolution of new genes and functions, as well as the cooption of ancestral, housekeeping functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.02110-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,9]],"date-time":"2013-02-09T03:55:40Z","timestamp":1360382140000},"page":"2101-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["A Genomic Signature and the Identification of New Sporulation Genes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Ana B.","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Quintais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 B.","family":"Pereira-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriano O.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bacterial spore formers: probiotics and emerging applications.","author":"Nicholson WL","year":"2004","unstructured":"NicholsonWL. 2004. 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