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Both a retrospective study and a prospective cohort study were conducted to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of a PNA-FISH method to determine\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            clarithromycin resistance. In the retrospective study (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 30 patients), full agreement between PNA-FISH and PCR-sequencing was observed. Compared to the reference method (culture followed by Etest), the specificity and sensitivity of PNA-FISH were 90.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.1% to 99.5%) and 84.2% (95% CI, 59.5% to 95.8%), respectively. In the prospective cohort (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 93 patients), 21 cases were positive by culture. For the patients harboring clarithromycin-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the method showed sensitivity of 80.0% (95% CI, 29.9% to 98.9%) and specificity of 93.8% (95% CI, 67.7% to 99.7%). These values likely represent underestimations, as some of the discrepant results corresponded to patients infected by more than one strain. PNA-FISH appears to be a simple, quick, and accurate method for detecting\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            clarithromycin resistance in paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. It is also the only one of the methods assessed here that allows direct and specific visualization of this microorganism within the biopsy specimens, a characteristic that allowed the observation that cells of different\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains can subsist in very close proximity in the stomach.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00302-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T02:47:21Z","timestamp":1366253241000},"page":"1887-1893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Validation of a Fluorescence\n            <i>In Situ<\/i>\n            Hybridization Method Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes for Detection of Helicobacter pylori Clarithromycin Resistance in Gastric Biopsy Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB\u2014Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB\u2014Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Oleastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Department of Pathology, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute Porto, Department Gastroenterology, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pimentel-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute Porto, Department Gastroenterology, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Dinis-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute Porto, Department Gastroenterology, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9u","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB\u2014Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno F.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB\u2014Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291491","article-title":"Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED)","volume":"44","author":"Dinis-Ribeiro M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dinis-RibeiroM AreiaM de VriesAC Marcos-PintoR Monteiro-SoaresM O'ConnorA PereiraC Pimentel-NunesP CorreiaR EnsariA DumonceauJM MachadoJC MacedoG MalfertheinerP Matysiak-BudnikT MegraudF MikiK O'MorainC PeekRM PonchonT RistimakiA RembackenB CarneiroF KuipersEJ. 2012. 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