{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:16:14Z","timestamp":1773040574106,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We report here the first Portuguese case of acute fatal granulomatous encephalitis attributed to\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            , initially thought to be a brain tumor, which had a progressive and fatal outcome.\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            is a free-living amoeba recognized as an uncommon agent of granulomatous encephalitis. Infections have been identified in immunocompromised hosts and in immunocompetent pediatric patients.\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            infections are very rare, with only two reported cases in Europe. The case presented here occurred in a previously healthy boy who died 5 weeks after the onset of the symptoms. No evidence of immunological deficiency was noted, and testing for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies was negative. The symptoms were initially thought to be the result of a tumor, but histopathologic examination showed evidence of amoebic infection. Immunofluorescence staining of brain tissue identified\n            <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            as the infectious agent. The diagnosis was confirmed with PCR by detecting\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA in formalin-fixed brain tissue sections. Despite initiation of empirical antimicrobial therapy for balamuthiasis, the patient died 3 weeks after being admitted to the hospital. No source of infection was readily apparent.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00479-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T17:56:08Z","timestamp":1152294968000},"page":"2660-2663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Diagnosis of First Case of\n            <i>Balamuthia<\/i>\n            Amoebic Encephalitis in Portugal by Immunofluorescence and PCR"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de S. Joa\u0303o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Correia da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Parasite Immunology and Biology, INSA, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S. Stirling","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de S. Joa\u0303o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Caldas","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de S. Joa\u0303o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"A\u0301lvaro","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de S. Joa\u0303o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Josue","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Hospital de S. Joa\u0303o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Services, Po\u0301voa do Varzim, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Sriram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Govinda S.","family":"Visvesvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"21","volume":"115","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anzil, A. P., R. 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