{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T23:58:28Z","timestamp":1775174308399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Day care centers (DCCs) are unique settings where young children are at increased risk for colonization by pneumococci and\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Although point prevalence studies in DCCs are frequent, only a few longitudinal studies on the dynamics of colonization have been published. We conducted a 1-year longitudinal study with 11 sampling periods on nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci and\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            among 47 children who attended a single DCC. All isolates were antibiotyped and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pneumococci were also serotyped. Of the 414 samples obtained, 61.4% contained pneumococci, and 87% contained\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Only 8.3% of the samples were negative for both species. Twenty-one pneumococcal clones and 47\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            clones were identified. Introduction of clones occurred during all year. Ninety-eight percent and 96% of all pneumococcal and\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, respectively, belonged to clones shared by more than one child. Children were sequentially colonized with up to six pneumococcal clones (mean, 3.6) and five serotypes and nine\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            clones (mean, 7.1). Clones with increased capacity for transmission and\/or prolonged colonization were identified in both species. These two fitness properties appeared to be independent. In conclusion, among DCC attendees, a high rate of acquisition and turnover of strains was observed, and all children were overwhelmingly colonized by clones shared with others. DCCs are units where permanent introduction of new clones occurs, and attendees, as a whole, provide a pool of hosts where the fittest clones find privileged opportunities to persist and expand.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01551-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]],"date-time":"2007-11-15T01:54:48Z","timestamp":1195091688000},"page":"225-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["High Rates of Transmission of and Colonization by\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n            within a Day Care Center Revealed in a Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Sa\u0301-Lea\u0303o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"So\u0301nia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anto\u0301nio","family":"Brito-Avo\u0302","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Sau\u0301de de Oeiras, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla R.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joa\u0303o A.","family":"Carric\u0327o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"KDBIO, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores\u2014Investigac\u0327a\u0303o e Desenvolvimento, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jonas S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}]},{"given":"Ilda","family":"Santos-Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiolo\u0301gicos, Faculdade de Cie\u0302ncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hermi\u0301niade","family":"de Lencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qui\u0301mica e Biolo\u0301gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3316-3320.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1664-1672.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1999.5.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102083440602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000242576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2005.11.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2565-2571.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.386-392.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9-escolar\u2014Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00famero de crian\u00e7as (de 1998\/1999 a 2003\/2004). 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_8.S1006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000049347.42983.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3990-3997.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"779","volume":"20","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raymond, J., L. 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