{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:21:57Z","timestamp":1777580517611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate estimates of virus mutation rates are important to understand the evolution of the viruses and to combat them. However, methods of estimation are varied and often complex. Here, we critically review over 40 original studies and establish criteria to facilitate comparative analyses. The mutation rates of 23 viruses are presented as substitutions per nucleotide per cell infection (s\/n\/c) and corrected for selection bias where necessary, using a new statistical method. The resulting rates range from 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    to10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    s\/n\/c for DNA viruses and from 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    s\/n\/c for RNA viruses. Similar to what has been shown previously for DNA viruses, there appears to be a negative correlation between mutation rate and genome size among RNA viruses, but this result requires further experimental testing. Contrary to some suggestions, the mutation rate of retroviruses is not lower than that of other RNA viruses. We also show that nucleotide substitutions are on average four times more common than insertions\/deletions (indels). Finally, we provide estimates of the mutation rate per nucleotide per strand copying, which tends to be lower than that per cell infection because some viruses undergo several rounds of copying per cell, particularly double-stranded DNA viruses. A regularly updated virus mutation rate data set will be available at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"url\" xlink:href=\"www.uv.es\/rsanjuan\/virmut\">www.uv.es\/rsanjuan\/virmut<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00694-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T22:45:06Z","timestamp":1279752306000},"page":"9733-9748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1170,"title":["Viral Mutation Rates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Sanjua\u0301n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Departament de Genetica, and Unidad Mixta de Investigacio\u0301n en Geno\u0301mica y Salud, Universitat de Vale\u0300ncia, C\/Catedra\u0301tico Agusti\u0301n Escardino 9, Paterna 46980, Vale\u0300ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miguel R.","family":"Nebot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fi\u0301sica Corpuscular, Universitat de Vale\u0300ncia and CSIC, C\/Catedra\u0301tico Agusti\u0301n Escardino 9, Paterna 46980, Vale\u0300ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Chirico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Via JH Dunant 3, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}]},{"given":"Louis M.","family":"Mansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Belshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.58.030603.123649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(76)90004-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84799-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01624-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00524-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Virology: principles and applications. 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.58.070189.003323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3276-3281.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00874-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111085598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.106005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00201-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80359-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01406-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.2.664-671.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(66)81004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Quasispecies: concept and implications for virology. 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(76)90003-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.2817-2822.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.02.120168.001513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.4171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/148.4.1667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.040410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"43","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n-Vila, R., S. 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